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SOCIAL STUDIES
REMEDIATION FOR THE
ALABAMA HIGH SCHOOL
GRADUATION EXAM
GROWTH OF A NEW NATION
(1783-1860)
LAND ACQUISITIONS AND
EXPLORATIONS

After the Revolutionary, the
newly formed United States
began expanding its territory in
North America. The following
are important land acquisitions
TREATY OF PARIS (1783)

After the Revolutionary War, Great
Britain and the United States signed
the Treaty of Paris. In the treaty,
Great Britain recognized the
independence of the United States
and the border of the new nation.
The border extended to Canada in
the North, to the Mississippi River in
the West, and the northern border of
Spanish Florida in the South.
LAND ORDINANCE OF 1785

Stated that the land area from
the Ohio River to the Mississippi
River would be made into new
states, each with the same
rights as the original 13. When
each territory reached the
required number of people, it
could apply for statehood.
NORTHWEST ORDINANCE
(1787)

Allowed the creation of 3-5
states in the Northwest Territory.
The law prohibited slavery in the
territory and guaranteed
inhabitants freedom of religion,
trial by jury, and access to free
public education. Illinois, Ohio,
Michigan, Wisconsin, and
Indiana were formed from this
territory.
THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE
(1803)

President Thomas Jefferson wanted to
secure trading on the Mississippi River so
he sent representatives to France to
negotiate the purchase of New Orleans.
Napoleon wasn’t interested in selling New
Orleans because he planned to revitalize
the French colonial empire in the Western
Hemisphere. After Toussaint L’Ouverture
led the people of Haiti to resist French
control and Britain resumed its war with
France, Napoleon surprised Jefferson by
offering to sell not only New Orleans but
the entire 900,000 square miles of the
Louisiana region for the small price of $15
million.
LEWIS AND CLARK
EXPEDITION (1804-1806)

President Jefferson chose his personal
secretary, Meriwether Lewis, to lead an
expedition to find a water route to the
Pacific Ocean. Lewis chose William Clark
to help him lead 48 others on this
adventure. They left from St. Louis in May
1804. Along the way they met a very
talented Native American Shoshone
woman named Sacajawea. She became
their translator and guide. They reached
the Pacific in November 1805. This led to
rapid migration of settlers to the Pacific
Northwest.
ALABAMA

Alabama was declared a state in
1819. Alabama’s admission
restored the balance of slave
states and free states caused by
Illinois’ admission to the Union
as a free state in 1818.
PRESIDENT JAMES
MONROE




Democratic-Republican
5th President
During his presidency, people
began thinking of themselves as
citizens of a nation, instead of
citizens of a state.
This national unity is known as
the Era of Good Feelings.
THE MONROE DOCTRINE

Declared that the United States
would not interfere in the
internal affairs of European
countries or independent
countries in the Americans.
IMPORTANT INVENTIONS



1793= Eli Whitney invented the
cotton gin, a machine that
separated the seeds from the cotton.
The gin made cotton the most
profitable crop in the South.
1807= Robert Fulton used a steampowered boat to travel up the
Hudson River from New York City to
Albany.
1829= British engineer George
Stephenson, won a competition with
his steam-powered locomotive, the
Rocket.
A PROTECTIVE TARIFF

Young U.S. manufacturing
industry could not compete with
low-priced imports from Great
Britain. Henry clay proposed a
protective tariff (a tax on import)
to keep American manufacturing
growing. The Tariff of 1816
was passed by Congress to
raise tariffs on imports by 20%.
INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS

To facilitate interstate
commerce, Clay proposed
internal improvements (better
canals and roadways) funded by
the federal government’s tariff
revenue.
ROADS AND CANALS


During Thomas Jefferson’s presidency,
Congress approved funding of the
National Road which stretched
westward from Cumberland, Maryland,
to Wheeling, Virginia. The National
Road was crude and often impassable,
but by standards of that time, it was of
high quality.
Completed in 1825, the Erie Canal
provided a new shipping route from
Buffalo, New York, to Albany, New York.
The canal’s success contributed to
establishing New York City as the major
commercial center of the United States.
PRESIDENT ANDREW
JACKSON

His presidency became known as
Jacksonian Democracy because
property qualifications for voting
white males were dropped
supporters to have high positions in
government office. Jackson openly
allowed his friends and supporters to
have high positions in government
office. This became known as the
Spoils System.
DOCTRINE OF
NULLIFICATION


Senator of South Carolina, John
Calhoun promoted it.
“If Congress passes a bill that is very
harmful to a particular state, that
state is not obligated to enforce the
federal law. In addition, if threefourths of the states believe such a
law to be unconstitutional, the law
will bull and void.”
INDIAN REMOVAL ACT

In 1830, at Jackson’s urging,
Congress passed the Indian
Removal Act, which authorized
the President to give Native
Americans land in parts of the
Louisiana Purchase (present
day Oklahoma) in exchange for
land taken from them in the
East.
U.S. LITERATURE



Noah Webster= distinguished the language
used in the United States from the
language of Britain when he produced the
first American Dictionary of the English
Language in 1828.
Ralph Waldo Emerson was a poet and was
a leader in the transcendental
movement. Transcendentalists believed
truth could be found beyond the physical
world and that all humans share in the
spiritual unity of creation. They believed in
individualism and self-reliance and had a
reverence for nature.
Henry David Thoreau was a writer,
philosopher, and a naturalist. He wrote
about his motivation for living apart from
society, his simple lifestyle, and his
observance of nature. His famous works
are Walden and “Civil Disobedience”.
U.S. LITERATURE



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
Walt Whitman= was a poet who
emphasized the great worth of each
individual. His break from the traditional
poetic styles of his day had a major
influence on American Literature.
Nathaniel Hawthorne= was a novelist who
wrote about sin, punishment, and
atonement. Two of his famous novels are
The Scarlet Letter and The House of
Seven Gables.
Washington Irving= wrote the short stories
“Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of
Sleepy Hollow”
Edgar Allen Poe= poet and master of the
short story. Wrote “The Tell-Tale Heart”
and his poem “The Raven”
James Fenimore Cooper= wrote The Last
of the Mohicans
U.S. LITERATURE



Emily Dickinson
Wrote more than 1800 poems. Wrote
about love, death, and immortality,
but only a few were published before
her death.
Herman Melville
Based his novels on his experiences
in the U.S. Navy.
Wrote Moby Dick, dedicated to his
friend Nathaniel Hawthorne.
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
Was a very popular poet in the early
1800s.
Wrote “Paul Revere’s Ride”
SOCIAL UTOPIAS

During the time of Westward
Expansion, many social thinkers
started creating utopian
communities. In theory, these
communities would be harmonious
and provide the world with the best
example of how to live. Several
important communities that were
started at this time included the
Amish, the Mennonites, the
Shakers, and the Quakers.
AMISH AND MENNONITES
*Established in parts of
Pennsylvania, the Midwest, and
Canada.
*Kept religious purity by living life of
simplicity and hard work.
*Used the German language in
worship.
*Live in agricultural communities.
SHAKERS



Established in 1776
Shakers followed the leadership
of Ann Lee.
All Shakers believed in
renouncing marriage in favor of
celibacy (single life without sex).
QUAKERS




Founded by George Fox
Started as a group of individuals
who believed that each person
was gifted with “the inner light.”
Gained many followers in the
English Colonies in North
America.
Noted for their belief in personal
divine revelation
TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT



Members of this movement
wanted to moderate the use of
alcohol.
Later, they advocated total
abstinence from alcohol.
In the 1850s, they supported the
Maine laws which regulated or
prohibited the sale of alcohol.
THE ABOLITION
MOVEMENT


Gained momentum to put an
end to slavery.
Abolitionists believed slavery
was wrong, and they advocated
laws to abolish it.
HARRIET TUBMAN



Hero of the abolition movement.
She escaped slavery by running
away to the North.
She returned to the South secretly,
nineteen times in order to lead other
slaves to freedom by using the
Underground Railroad. The
Underground Railroad was not
actually a railroad but a network of
people who helped slaves escape to
the northern United States or
Canada.
FREDERICK DOUGLASS


Was so smart and well-spoken
that people refused to believe
he was a slave
Educated himself and became
the most prominent African
American speaker for the
abolition of slavery
HARRIET BEECHER STOWE



Furthered the abolitionist cause
through her novel Uncle Tom’s
Cabin
She was white and had never
been a slave
Her book motivated people in
the North and in Britain to
support the movement to
abolish slavery
SOJOURNER TRUTH



Was born into slavery but was
freed once New York
emancipated slaves in 1828
She was illiterate but became
well-known for her speaking
Spoke for women’s rights and
for equality of people of all
colors
WOMEN’S RIGHTS
MOVEMENT

This movement also began to
gain momentum in the 1850’s.
Two women, Elizabeth Cady
Stanton and Susan B. Anthony,
are best known for starting and
supporting this movement.
ELIZABETH CADY STANTON



Organized the first women’s
rights convention known as the
Seneca Falls Convention
Believed women and men were
created equal and fought for
women’s right to vote
Also advocated the abolition of
slavery
SUSAN B. ANTHONY



Supported the temperance
movement to ban alcohol
Supported the abolition
movement to free slaves
Supported the women’s rights
movement
WOMEN’S RIGHTS


Women who supported the right
to vote were known as
suffragettes
It was their efforts that changed
the constitution with the 19th
amendment in 1920