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Do Now 1/23/15
Use the maps on page 400 to answer the
following:
1) Which new nation absorbed Serbia and
Montenegro by 1919?
2) Which new nations were formed by
treaties at the end of WWI (should find
twelve)?
3) Which two empires does WWI end?
Do Now 1/26/15
20s Dance Character Persona
In a paragraph describe some of the smalltalk your character will be engaging in at
the dance.
-What are you up to?
-Where are you living?
-What projects/events are going on in your
life?
World War I –
Making Peace
Notes #3
The Costs of War
• The human and material costs of the war
were staggering.
• Estimated 9 million men killed in battle.
• Estimated 18 million were disabled for
life.
• Estimated between 6 to 13 million civilians
died.
• In 1918, a deadly pandemic (the spread of
a disease across a large area) of influenza
struck the entire world.
The Financial Toll
• Battle zones in France, Russia and
anywhere the war was fought were
reduced to rubble.
• People returned home to find they had
nothing and had to rebuild.
• Rebuilding and paying for the war (war
debt) were going to be extremely
expensive.
• People became very bitter towards
Germany & Austria-Hungary.
The Financial Toll
• How much did the war cost
Germany?
• $60 billion
• Note: Germany was forced to pay
$30 billion in reparations (payment
for war damage).
The Financial Toll
• Based on having to pay $60 billion in
war costs AND $30 billion in
reparations, what effect might the total
costs of war have on Germany in the
future?
• Answer: It would harm Germany’s
economy and make recovery very
difficult. It would also cause
resentment…and, it made it possible for
a new dictator to rise…HITLER!
Placing the Blame
• The Allies:
• The Central Powers:
• Blamed the conflict • Claimed the
on their defeated
armistice (ceaseenemies (Germany,
fire) was not a
Austria-Hungary, &
surrender.
the Ottoman
• They were surprised
Empire).
they were being
• Wanted them to pay
viewed as
reparations.
“defeated” and
angry about paying
reparations.
Political Turmoil
• Under the stress of war, governments
had collapsed in Russia, Germany,
Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman
Empire.
• Political radicals (people who wanted
to make extreme change) wanted a
new social order and new kind of
government.
• Many feared the spread of
communism.
Political Turmoil
• The European colonies in Africa and
Asia realized imperial powers were
not as powerful as they had seemed
before the war.
• Colonial troops that fought in the war
came home with dreams of
independence.
The Paris Peace Conference:
Conflicting Goals
• The Allies met at the Paris Peace
Conference to discuss the fate of Europe.
The Central Powers and Russia were not
allowed to take part in the negotiations.
Why?
• Answer: The Central Powers were the first
to declare war and Russia had left the war
in 1918.
The Paris Peace Conference:
Conflicting Goals
• Three leaders would decide the fate of
Europe:
• David Lloyd George – British Prime
Minister
▫ Promised his people he would rebuild Britain.
• Georges Clemenceau (KLEM un soh)–
France
▫ Wanted to punish and weaken Germany so it
could never attack them again.
The Paris Peace Conference:
Conflicting Goals
• President Wilson – United States
▫ Dedicated and stubbornly convinced
that he was right. Wanted “peace
without victory” based on his
Fourteen Points.
Fourteen Points: Key Principles
• What are the key Principles of the Fourteen Points?
1. Self-Determination:
Nationalities should have the right to establish
their own governments.

2. “Peace Without Victory:”
The peace settlement should be generous and
should not bitterly punish the losing nations.

3. Disarmament:
Nations should disarm and end militarism
(glorification of the military)

Fourteen Points: Key Principles
• 4. Fair treatment of colonial people:
Colonial powers should protect their
colonies.
• 5. Establishment of a League of Nations:
The formation of an international
organization to settle nation-to-nation
disputes.
• *Note – Wilson hoped this would end secret
treaties and alliances like those that led to WWI.
The Paris Peace Conference: Problems with
the Peace
• Self-Determination:
• Other countries were making their own
demands at the Paris Peace Conference.
• Italy wanted the Allies to honor their secret
agreement to give the land that AustriaHungary lost in the war to them.
The Paris Peace Conference: Problems with
the Peace
• This violated the principle of SelfDetermination. How?
• These lands and others (like in Russia & the
Ottoman Empire) wanted their own
governments. They did not want to live under
someone else’s rule.
• Sometimes their territories overlapped,
making it impossible to satisfy everyone.
The Paris Peace Conference: Problems with
the Peace
• So, Wilson had to compromise on his
Fourteen Points.
• He did NOT compromise on the principle
of a League of Nations.
The Treaty of Versailles (vur SY)
• In June, 1919 – Germany was ordered
to sign the treaty of Versailles.
• German delegates were horrified.
• How did the Treaty of Versailles
punish Germany?
The Treaty of Versailles
A. The treaty forced Germany to assume full
blame for causing the war and made them pay
$30 billion in reparations (about $2.7 trillion
today).
B. Severely limited the size of the German
military.
C. Returned Alsace and Lorraine to France.
D. Took land from Western and Eastern
Germany.
E. Stripped Germany of its overseas colonies.
F. Made Germans living in other countries return
to Germany or Austria.
The Treaty of Versailles
• The Germans signed because they had no
choice.
• German resentment of the Treaty of
Versailles would poison the international
climate for 20 years.
• It would help spark an even deadlier world
war in the years to come…World War II.
Outcome of the Peace Settlements
• New nations emerged where the German,
Austrian, and Russian empires had once ruled.
• Poland became an independent nation after
more than 100 years of foreign rule.
• The Baltic states of Latvia, Lithuania, and
Estonia received their independence.
• Three new republics arose – Czechoslovakia,
Austria, and Hungary.
• A new Slavic state, Yugoslavia, was created.
The League of Nations Offers Hope
• More than 40 nations joined the
League.
• They agreed to negotiate disputes
rather than engage in war.
• They agreed to take action against
any aggressor together as a group
(common action).
The League of Nations Offers Hope
• BUT…
• The United States Senate, led by
Henry Cabot Lodge, did not want to
sign the treaty.
• The U.S. did not want to be obligated
to fight in future wars.
• Many Americans who lost family
members in the war felt the same
way.
The League of Nations Offers Hope
• President Wilson would not compromise
on the “common action” clause.
• The Senate refused to ratify (approve) the
treaty and the United States never joined
the League.
• Without the U.S., the League’s power was
weakened and it had no power over nonmember states.
• Still, the concept of an international
organization dedicated to peace for all
people was a step towards the future.
The League of Nations Offers Hope
•Why did the United States
refuse to join the League of
Nations?
•Answer: They did not want to
be obligated to fight in future
wars.