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COLD WAR TIMELINE The Berlin Blockade 1945- 1949 Background Information WW2 ended in August 1945, in Japan, with the bombing of Hiroshima The 4 allied forces had to decide what to do with Germany Britain, USA Russia France Great Britain Soviet UnionRussia France USA As soon as the 4 zones were established each Ally power began establishing their own rules going against this policy Berlin, Germany’s capitol, was situated in the Soviet Union zone It was granted separate status, and was divided into 4 zones again for each Allie power Berlin- 1945 There began to be disagreements between the Allies as to what their mission was in Germany How did The West respond? Soviet Union began putting restrictions on traffic to Berlin from Western Zones (March 30, 1948) The US had to figure out the intentions of the Soviets Before they could do this, West Berlin was running out of food and supplies The Western zones had no way of getting these supplies to their people, except by air The airlift began on June 26, 1948, delivering food and fuel to West Berlin The airlifts continued until Sept. 1948 http://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=-FNXegtQYhE March 1949- they entered negotiations with USA, UK and France to lift the blockade. Results were a 3 point plan; – Restriction on communications, transportation and trade between Berlin and Western zones will be removed May 9, 1949 – Restrictions the Western zones imposed will be removed May 9, 1949 – On May 23, 1949, the 4 powers will meet in Paris to discuss questions surrounding Germany and the currency NATO The North Atlantic Treaty Organization North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Military or defense alliance formed in 1949 by 12 countries in Western Europe and North America Original purpose – to protect its members from a possible attack from the Soviet Union (Containment) First peacetime alliance in U.S. history An alliance of nations with shared values. All members are DEMOCRACIES NATO Treaty – Article 5 “The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all…” No NATO member was ever attacked during the Cold War – it never had to use its military forces Who is in NATO? 1949 – 12 Original Members – U.S. – France – Belgium Britain Portugal Luxembourg 1952 – A Little Farther from the North Atlantic (Demonstration of Truman Doctrine) – Greece Canada Iceland Netherlands Turkey 1954 – A New Democracy – Germany 1982 – Death of Fascist Dictator Franco – Spain The NATO Alliance o In 1950, Communist North Korea, supported by Communist China invaded South Korea. oThe US supported South Korea against this Communist aggression. oUnder American influence the Security Council of the United Nations condemned the attack by North Korea and called on UN members “to render every assistance” to South Korea. o o o o o At first UN troops fought only North Korea (who were armed by the Soviets. The UN forces had to fight a massive Chinese army that entered the war to support the North Koreans. However, neither side was able to defeat one another. The war, much like the first World War, settled into a war of limited movement. When the war ended the Koreans were divided in much the same way they had been before the war. Demilitarized Zone Area between South & North http://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=-X7nbwFxGRU First Hydrogen bomb: 1952 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R6e0_ 6laRCA The Warsaw Pact 1955 - The Soviet response to the creation of NATO Consisted of the Soviet Union and its six satellite countries in Eastern Europe – East Germany – Poland – Hungary – Czechoslovakia – Bulgaria – Romania The Warsaw Pact no longer exists 1956 - Soviet union Suppresses Hungarian Revolt Following nearly two weeks of protest and political instability in Hungary, Soviet tanks and troops viciously crush the protests. Thousands were killed and wounded, and nearly a quarter-million Hungarians fled the country. 1957 – Sputnik http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qvPzU AeWZZY Berlin was a massive problem for East Germany. It was an escape route through to the West. Between 1945 and 1961 nearly one-sixth of the East German population had fled to the West. The new leader of the USSR, Khrushchev, like Stalin, wanted the West out of Berlin. Both sides accused the other of spying (which was entirely accurate!) and the Soviets continued to see Western influence in Berlin as dangerous and troublesome. Containing the East Berliners – the Wall In August 1961 Berliners awoke to find their city divided in half. The construction of the Berlin Wall had begun. East German guards patrolled the wall and shot anyone trying to escape over it. What effect did the wall have? Graph showing the number of defectors to the West. 40000 35000 30000 25000 Number of Defectors 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 1949 1951 1953 1955 1957 1959 1961 1963 What do you notice about the number of defectors after 1961? What does this tell you about the success of the Berlin Wall? “The building of the wall was at once a sign of failure and success. It was a sign that there would be no settlement … of the problem of divided Germany … But it also reduced the possibilities of future crises in Berlin. The wall contributed to peaceful co-existence …” Peter Lane, 1985. Bay of Pigs Invasion, Berlin Crisis, and Cuban Missile Crisis 1961-62 The Bay of Pigs Invasion Started with Eisenhower and followed with Kennedy. Conceived by the CIA to overthrow Fidel Castro, the invasion involved Cuban exiles who had fled Castro’s rule and settled in the United States. The Bay of Pigs mission failed. Kennedy took responsibility for the mission’s failure. The President said, however, that he would continue to resist efforts by the communists to control other countries in Western Hemisphere. Bay of Pigs Invasion The Failed Invasion • Information was leaked early- New York Times • Air strikes failed. • Castro prepared for a land attack. • Invaders were captured and ransomed back to United States for $52 million in food and aid. • Strengthened Castro’s ties to the Soviet Union Cuban Missile Crisis In 1962, American intelligence agencies photographed Soviet nuclear missile installations in Cuba. The missiles at these Cuban sites threatened major cities in the United States. The Cuban Missile Crisis • Kennedy assembled a group of advisors, known as the ExComm, to help him plan a response. Managing the Crisis – ExComm military members favored an air strike, perhaps followed by a land invasion of Cuba. – Others argued for a naval blockade. Kennedy agreed with this plan. • The world watched as Soviet ships carrying missile parts approached the naval blockade. They turned back. Effects of the Crisis • Khrushchev agreed to dismantle the missiles if the United States pledged to never invade Cuba. • Both Kennedy and Khrushchev took steps to ease tensions between their countries. • They set up a hotline to allow direct communication during times of crisis. • The Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty was signed, ending atmospheric and underwater testing of nuclear weapons. To resolve the Cuban missile crisis, Kennedy worked In Public Behind the Scenes In a television address, Kennedy blamed Khrushchev for reckless action that threatened world peace. Kennedy told the Soviets that Kennedy initiated a U.S. naval blockade of Cuba. removed their missiles from the United States would remove U.S. missiles from Turkey and Italy if the Soviets Cuba. After six tense days, the Soviets backed off. Nikita Khrushchev agreed to honor the blockade and removed the missiles. The crisis prompted the two leaders to establish a period of cooperation. They set up a hot line between Washington, D.C. and Moscow to improve communication. Conflict Between France & Vietnam The Vietnam War grew out of the long conflict between France and Vietnam. – In July 1954, after one hundred years of colonial rule a defeated France was forced to leave Vietnam. The Geneva Peace Accords The Geneva Peace Accords, signed by France and Vietnam in the summer of 1954, provided for the temporary partition of Vietnam at the 17th parallel, In the North, a communist regime, supported by the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China, set up its headquarters in Hanoi under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh. The Vietnam war occurred in Vietnam. Laos and Cambodia during 1959 and 30 april1975. the war started when communist north Vietnam tried to take over the republic of south Vietnam. It was the longest war America ad ever fought in and it lasted 15 years. North Vietnam wanted to take over South Vietnam. If they succeeded then it’ll be likely that Laos and Cambodia will turn Communist. Laos and Cambodia might’ve turned Communist because they are so vulnerable FOR:American troops in Vietnam had vastly superior weapons than the Vietcong. American soldiers had machine guns and were supported by tanks and helicopters. They had napalm which was a type of petroleum jelly which burns the skin. The Americans used this to burn down all of the jungles and see where the guerrillas were hiding. Against:America couldn't find the guerrillas because they were really good at blending inn with everyone. The Americans couldn’t tell if they guerrillas were normally civilians. They were always ready to ambush them. Also the people in south Vietnam would not tell the American troops were the guerrillas were hiding. Deaths During the War Deaths During Vietnam War American S.Veitnam N.Vietnam August 1, 1975 The Helsinki Accords, Helsinki Final Act, or Helsinki Declaration was the final act of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe held in Finlandia Hall of Helsinki, Finland. Thirty-five states, including the USA, Canada, and most European states except Albania, signed the declaration in an attempt to improve relations between the Communist bloc and the West. The Helsinki Accords, however, were not binding as they did not have treaty status. Berlin Wall falling down 1989 https://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=zmRPP2WX X0U http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-CvQOuNecy4 Israel: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ol_FO XTwX88 India and Pakistan https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yReaR 1p-PV0 Mexican Revolution https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HqTF vCtVgI Gandhi https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WW3u k95VGes