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Transcript
The Evolution of Living Things Guided Notes What you should already know… Heredity is the passing of genetic traits from parents to offspring. DNA is the genetic material that determines the traits that a living thing inherits and needs to live. Selective breeding is the process in which humans select plants or animals to reproduce based on certain desired traits. What Darwin Never Knew History of Evolution Plato & Aristotle believed species were fixed & could be arranged according to their complexity Carolus Linnaeus developed a system of classification that called binomial nomenclature Lamarck was first to state that descent with modification occurs and that organisms become adapted to their environments History of Evolution Lamark believed in Inheritance of acquired characteristics. Change Over Time Evolution is the process in which inherited characteristics within a population change over generations such that new species sometimes arise. Evolution helps explain the variations and adaptations that we see in organisms around us and in evidence in the past. Differences Among Organisms A feature that helps an organism survive and reproduce in its environment is called an adaptation. Adaptations may be physical, such as a long neck or striped fur. Or adaptations may be behaviors that help an organism find food, protect itself, or reproduce. https://www.youtube.com/watch?annotation_id=annotation_1 2481&feature=iv&src_vid=mooMo5k2w50&v=RmzbQsIdaFw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lMbDjNDD4cM Differences Among Organisms Living things with the same features may be members of the same species. A species is a group of organisms that can mate with one another to produce fertile offspring. Fertile offspring are offspring that can reproduce. Strawberry poison frog Smokey jungle frog Evidence of Changes Over Time Evidence that organisms have changed over time is buried within the Earth’s crust. Fossils are the traces or remains of an organism that lived long ago. Fossils are most commonly found in sedimentary rock. Body fossils form from whole organisms or from parts of organisms. Trace fossils are signs, such as footprints, that an organism once existed. Evidence for Evolution The fossil record – show biodiversity, mass extinctions and episodic speciation Geographic Distribution of Living Species – shows similarities among species living on different continents Homologous Body Structures – structures that have different mature forms but come from the same embryonic tissue. Similarities in Early Development – embryos of many vertebrates are very similar. Fossil Evidence Homolous Structures: structures in different organisms that are inherited from a common ancestor and have similar structures. (Not necessarily dissimilar functions) Example:Vertebrate Forelimbs. Fossil Evidence Analogous structures are inherited from different ancestors and have come to resemble each other because they serve a similar function. Bird wings and bat wings are both for flight but they are structurally different. Embryonic Evolution Biochemical Evidence Most reliable evidence for Evolution!!!! This includes Amino acid sequences DNA codes Mitochondrial DNA Evidence of Ancestry The fossil record is all of the fossils that have existed throughout life’s history, whether they have been found or not. It provides evidence about the order in which species have existed. Scientists observe that all living organisms have characteristics in common and inherit characteristics in similar ways. Scientists think that all living species descended from common ancestors. Evidence that groups of organisms have common ancestry can be found by comparing the group’s DNA. Walking Whales Scientists think that the ancient ancestor of whales was probably a mammal that lived on land and that could run on four legs. Comparisons of modern whales and a large number of fossils have supported this hypothesis. Walking Whales Who Was Charles Darwin? Charles Darwin was a naturalist, someone who studies nature, on the HMS Beagle (a British ship). Darwin made observations that helped him form a theory about how evolution happens. Darwin observed plants and animals from many parts of the world, including the Galápagos Islands. Charles Darwin He studied divinity up until he was 22 when he accepted a position on a ship for a 5 year voyage around the world. On the Galapagos he observed two different organisms: Darwin’s Finches Darwin observed that the animals and plants on the Galápagos Islands were similar to those in Ecuador. However, they were not exactly the same. The finches on each island differed from the finches on the other islands. The beak of each finch is adapted to the way the bird usually gets food. Darwin’s Finches Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection Natural selection is the process by which organisms that are better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully than less well adapted organisms do. 4 Parts of Natural Selection Overproduction Inherited Variation Struggle to Survive Successful Reproduction Why Do Populations Change? Environmental changes can cause populations to change. The factors that can cause populations to change: Hunting – when humans hunt certain organisms, fewer survive to reproduce. Insecticide Resistance – insects survive insecticide treatment and pass the resistance trait to their offspring. Competition for mates- organisms that reproduce sexually have to compete with one another for mates. Forming a New Species The formation of a new species as a result of evolution is called speciation. 3 events often lead to speciation: Separation – when part of a population becomes separated from the rest. Adaptation – after two groups have been separated, each group continues to be affected by natural selection. Different environmental factors may affect each population. Division – over many generations, two separated groups of a population may become very different. The Evolution of Galápagos Finch Species Review 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. What is evolution? Give 2 examples of an adaptation. What is a fossil? Identify two kinds of fossils. What did Charles Darwin observe about the finches on the Galápagos Islands? Define natural selection. Identify the 4 parts of natural selection. Identify and describe 3 factors that can cause a population to change. Identify 3 events that can lead to speciation.