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CHAPTER FOCUS
SECTION 1 Growth of Imperialism
SECTION 2 Africa
SECTION 3 Asia
SECTION 4 Latin America
SECTION 5 Effects of Imperialism
CHAPTER SUMMARY & STUDY GUIDE
CHAPTER ASSESSMENT
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Overview
• Chapter 36 examines the rise of global
imperialism during the late 1800s and early
1900s. 
– Section 1 analyzes the economic,
religious, and political motivations of
imperialism. 
– Section 2 describes European
colonization of Africa. 
– Section 3 discusses imperialism in
Asian countries.
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Overview (cont.)
– Section 4 explores U.S. intervention in
Latin America. 
– Section 5 discusses the effects of
imperialism.
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Objectives
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
• cite causes for the rise of imperialism.

• discuss the division of Africa by European
powers. 
• describe how Asian countries were
affected by imperialism. 
• explain U.S. involvement in Latin America.

• summarize the effects of imperialism.
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Read to Discover
• What caused the move toward
imperialism 
• How Great Britain and other European
powers established colonies in Africa 
• How Asian countries were affected by
imperialism 
• Why the United States became involved
in Latin America 
• What the effects of imperialism were
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the information. The Chapter Focus is on page 579 of your textbook.
Terms to Learn
• imperialism 
• Leopold II 
• protectorate 
• Cecil Rhodes 
People to Know
• Matthew Perry 
Places to Locate
• Suez Canal 
• Indochina 
• Panama Canal
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Why It’s Important
In the late 1800s, an interest in colonies
rose again. Many countries rushed to take
over parts of the world that had not been
claimed during the Age of Discovery and
the Expansion of the Americas. New
colonial powers were added. Among these
new powers were Belgium, Germany, Italy,
Japan, and the United States. Those
countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America
who were colonized had little choice in how
their nations developed.
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Growth of Imperialism
• There were many reasons for the rise of
imperialism, or the policy of setting up
colonies and building empires. 
• One reason was the Industrial Revolution,
as needs for raw materials, a growing
demand for tea, sugar, and cocoa, and a
need for new markets for products
developed. 
• Another reason for imperialism was
nationalism. 
• Many people thought colonies would add to
their country’s power.
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the information. Section 1 begins on page 579 of your textbook.
Growth of Imperialism (cont.)
• Still another reason was the belief of
westerners that they had a duty to spread
Christianity and the Industrial Revolution to
people everywhere.
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Section Assessment
How did the Industrial
Revolution lead to imperialism?
Industrialized countries needed raw
materials and food such as tea,
sugar, and cocoa, and new markets
for their products.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
How did nationalism lead to
imperialism?
Many people thought colonies would
add to their country’s power.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Demonstrating Reasoned Judgment
If you lived during the late 1800s,
would you have supported or
opposed imperialism? Why?
Answers will vary.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Draw a diagram like the one on page
580 of your textbook, and use it to
show characteristics of imperialist
nations.
Sample characteristics: industrially
developed, possessed a class of wealthy
factory owners with money to invest,
influenced by nationalism, viewed the
cultures of undeveloped nations as
“backward,” felt they had a duty to
spread Christianity and the Industrial
Revolution
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Africa
• Before 1870, European powers had few
holdings in Africa. 
• Before long, however, most of Africa
belonged to European countries.
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the information. Section 2 begins on page 580 of your textbook.
The Opening of Africa
• Little was known about Africa's interior
before missionaries and explorers opened
up these areas. 
• In 1840, a Scottish medical missionary
named David Livingstone went to Africa to
convert the people to Christianity. 
• King Leopold II of Belgium had his
soldiers force the Africans to collect
rubber for him. 
• In northern Africa, the Suez Canal, which
was built by Egyptians and paid for by the
French, was opened in 1869.
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The Opening of Africa
• In 1875, the Egyptian ruler needed money,
so he sold his shares in the canal to Great
Britain. 
• To the Egyptians’ dismay, Great Britain
and France then took over Egypt's
finances. 
• The angry Egyptians rebelled in 1882,
British troops moved in, and Egypt
became a British protectorate, or a
country under the control and protection
of a larger, stronger nation.
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From the Cape to Cairo
• Soon after Great Britain made Eygpt a
protectorate, the British began moving
south, conquered the Sudan, and set up a
joint government with Egypt. 
• The British also began moving north from
the Cape Colony. 
• In the late 1800s, when gold and
diamonds were discovered in the Boer
states, thousands of adventurers soon
outnumbered the Boers.
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From the Cape to Cairo (cont.)
• This angered Cecil Rhodes, the prime
minister of the Cape Colony, who had a
dream of an English-speaking empire that
would stretch from the Cape to Cairo, the
capital of Egypt. 
• At this point, Germany, jealous of Great
Britain's growing power, offered the Boers
its best artillery, the Boers attacked British
outposts, and the Boer War began. 
• Between 1890 and 1914, Zanzibar,
Uganda, British East Africa, and Nigeria
all came under British control.
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Other European Empires
• Over the next few years, other European
powers divided the African continent among
themselves. 
• By 1914, only two areas in Africa
remained independent, Ethiopia and
Liberia, which had been founded in the
1830s by former enslaved African
Americans from the United States.
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Section Assessment
Why did many Boers leave the
Cape Colony?
The Boers left because they did not
like the British rule, disagreed with
abolition, and did not want to speak
English.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
What plan did Cecil Rhodes have
for Africa? How successful was he
in helping Great Britain achieve
this plan?
He wanted an English-speaking
empire that would stretch from the
Cape to Cairo. Except for one
German colony, it was achieved.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Making Inferences Why do you think
the Suez Canal was so valuable to
Egypt?
The canal made trade easier by
providing a shorter all-water route to
India and the Far East.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Draw a diagram like the one on
page 584 of your textbook, and use
it to show the causes and effects of
what is known as the Boer War.
Causes include rivalries between the
Boers and the British over control of
southern Africa and imperialist
competition between the British and
Germans. Effects include British defeat
of the Boers and the formation of the
Union of South Africa.
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Asia
• The British and the Dutch started trading
with Asia in the 1600s, but when Chinese
and Japanese rulers allowed only limited
contact with the West, western European
countries turned to India.
Section 3 begins on page 584 of your textbook.
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India
• By the middle 1700s, the Mogul Empire of
India was breaking up, allowing Great
Britain and France to set up trading stations
along the Indian coast. 
• The British East India Company stayed in
power for almost 100 years and brought
many changes to India. 
• Many Indians felt the British were trying to
change their culture.
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India (cont.)
• In 1857, the sepoys, or Indian soldiers in
the British army, mutinied. 
• The Sepoy Mutiny failed, but the British
government realized the need for change
and took control of India.
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China
• From the early 1500s, all trade between
China and the West was limited to the city
of Guangzhou. 
• The Chinese followed their way of life until
the 1800s and the coming of the Industrial
Revolution. 
• British traders discovered they could
make large profits selling opium, a drug
made from the dried juice of certain
poppies, to the Chinese. 
• Realizing its harm, the Chinese
government declared the trade illegal.
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China (cont.)
• When a government official in Guangzhou
seized and publicly burned a large shipment
of opium, the Opium War broke out between
the British and the Chinese. 
• The Chinese were defeated and forced to
sign a treaty that opened more ports, gave
Hong Kong to Great Britain, and gave
British citizens in China the right of
extraterritoriality, meaning if British
citizens were accused of breaking Chinese
laws, they could only be tried in British
courts.
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China (cont.)
• China lost even more power in 1894 when
Japan and China went to war over Korea. 
• The Japanese won easily and took Chinese
territory. 
• The American government asked countries
to approve the Open Door policy, giving
everyone equal trading rights in China. 
• The Chinese began a movement, called the
Boxer Rebellion because it had been started
by a Chinese secret society called Boxers, to
drive all foreigners from their country.
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Japan
• Like China, Japan allowed only limited trade
with the West at first. 
• In 1853, the American government sent a
naval force under Commodore Matthew
Perry to Japan. 
• Japanese leaders felt Japan must
modernize. 
• By the end of the 1800s, Japan was fully
industrialized, and its population was
growing rapidly. 
• The Japanese began a program of
imperialism.
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Southeast Asia and the Pacific
• Europeans first entered Southeast Asia in
the 1500s in search of spices, and by the
1600s, Portugal, Spain, and the
Netherlands had colonies there. 
• In the late 1800s, the European powers
realized the mainland of Southeast Asia was
a source of cash crops. 
• Great Britain, France, Germany, and the
United States were also trying to win control
of islands in the Pacific.
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Section Assessment
Why did the Japanese start a
program of imperialism?
They started a program of
imperialism to get raw materials and
markets for manufactured goods and
food.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Why did many European countries
in the 1800s want to control
territory in Southeast Asia?
because it was a source of coffee
and tea and raw materials
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Identifying the Central Issue
What was the central issue in
the Boxer Rebellion?
The central issue was foreign
influence in China.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Draw a diagram like the one on page
591 of your textbook, and use it to
show the steps leading to the
takeover of India by the British
Crown.
Sample steps: British acquisition of
India at the end of the French and
Indian War, rule of India by the British
East India Company, Sepoy Mutiny
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the answer.
Latin America
• The imperialist powers were also interested
in Latin America countries. 
• In 1823, President James Monroe issued
the Monroe Doctrine, stating that any
attempt to gain colonies in Latin America
would be considered an unfriendly act
toward the United States. 
• The French made Prince Maximilian of
Austria the emperor of Mexico. 
• By the late 1800s, Spain had colonies in
Cuba and Puerto Rico, and the Cubans
revolted in 1868 and again in 1895.
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the information. Section 4 begins on page 591 of your textbook.
Latin America (cont.)
• In 1898, when an American battleship, the
U.S.S. Maine, blew up in the Havana
harbor, people in the United States blamed
the Spanish, and Congress declared war on
Spain. 
• The United States won the SpanishAmerican War. 
• In 1903, when the United States supported a
successful revolution by people in Panama
against Colombia, the United States and
Panama then signed a treaty in which
Panama leased land to the United States for
building a canal.
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Section Assessment
Why did President Monroe issue
the Monroe Doctrine?
President Monroe issued the Monroe
Doctrine to stop outside interference
in Latin American countries.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Why did the United States want
a canal through Panama?
The United States wanted the
Panama Canal to enable its fleet to
sail quickly between the Caribbean
Sea and the Pacific Ocean.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Predicting Consequences What
might have happened if most
European powers had not gone
along with the Monroe Doctrine?
Those nations might have waged war
to gain control of certain Latin
American countries.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Draw a diagram like the one on page
593 of your textbook, and use it to
show some of the effects of the
Spanish-American War.
Effects include U.S. acquisition of
Puerto Rico, Guam, and the
Philippine Islands; establishment of
Cuba as a U.S. protectorate;
recognition of the U.S. as a world
power; construction of Panama Canal
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Effects of Imperialism
• By 1914, European colonial powers, Japan,
and the United States had brought about 85
percent of the world under their control. 
• Orderly governments, industry,
agriculture, and transportation were
established. 
• Western ideas about democracy and
individual rights spread. 
• Imperialism also brought bitter feelings
between colonists and colonizers.
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Section Assessment
What percent of the world was
colonized by 1914?
About 85 percent of the world was
colonized by 1914.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
What problems did the scramble
for empires create for the
colonial powers?
Problems include bitter feelings
between colonists and colonizers,
competition for empires, and disputes
paving the way to future wars.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Identifying Alternatives If you
were a colonist in the early
1900s, would you have tried to
get a job in the colonial
government or would you have
tried to rebel? Why?
Answers will vary.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Draw a diagram like the one on
page 594 of your textbook and
use it to weigh the benefits and
drawbacks of imperialism.
Answers will vary.
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the answer.
Chapter Summary & Study Guide
• Imperialism developed in the 1800s
because of the growth of nationalism; the
need for raw materials, new markets, and
investment opportunities; and the belief
among Europeans that they should spread
their way of life. 
• By the early 1900s, European nations had
carved up Africa, with only Ethiopia and
Liberia remaining independent.
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Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.)
• By the late 1800s, Great Britain controlled
India, Russia was moving into central Asia,
and foreign powers were competing for
control of China. 
• By the early 1900s, Japan had become
industrialized and was a powerful
imperialist nation. 
• By 1900, Great Britain, France, Germany,
and the United States controlled most of
Southeast Asia and many islands in the
Pacific.
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the information.
Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.)
• In 1823, the United States issued the
Monroe Doctrine to keep European nations
from expanding their control into Latin
America. 
• The United States became an imperialist
power after winning Puerto Rico, Guam,
and the Philippines from Spain in 1898 and
building the Panama Canal in 1903.
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Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.)
• While imperialism led to the development of
orderly governments, industry, and social
reforms, it also increased nationalism and
dangerous competition for empires.
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Understanding the Main Idea
What were the main reasons for the
rise of imperialism?
the Industrial Revolution, nationalism,
and the idea that western countries
had a duty to “civilize” the world
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
How did some Europeans get
colonial territory from African
chiefs?
African chiefs signed treaties they
could not read.
61
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
What caused settlers to move into
Transvaal after 1885?
Gold and diamonds were discovered
there.
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
How did the British gain control
over India?
The British East India Company took
over from the French.
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
What was the purpose of the Open
Door Policy?
to give all countries equal trading
rights in China
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
Why did Commodore Perry go to
Japan in 1853?
to negotiate a treaty to open up trade
and to protect shipwrecked American
sailors
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
Why was the United States
interested in Latin American
countries in the early 1900s?
because it needed a way to protect
its new territories and American
business investments
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
How did imperialism increase
nationalism in the colonies?
The colonists disliked the colonial
powers for trying to change their
countries.
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the answer.
Critical Thinking
Do you think nations would be as
interested or less interested today
in gaining control of the Suez
Canal? Why?
Answers will vary, but countries might
be less interested because of other
means of transportation.
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the answer.
Critical Thinking
If you had lived in the United States
in 1823, how would you have felt
about the Monroe Doctrine?
Explain your answer.
69
Critical Thinking
Do you think attitudes about
imperialism have changed from the
1800s to today? Explain.
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Geography in History
Human/Environmental Interaction
Changes took place in nations when
colonial powers took them over. What
specific changes in the growing of
crops took place in India and China
when they were colonized? Draw a
poster showing how the growing of
typical crops likely changed.
an increase in opium and resulting
conflicts, and other crops grown to
meet foreign demand
71
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the answer.
In which era and country would this be
true: Your new emperor has called for
an “enlightened peace.” He has
forbidden certain hairstyles, called for
all men to join the new army or navy,
and told peasants they can live and
work where they wish.
the Meiji Restoration; Japan
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74
1839
Opium War
breaks out in
China
75
1910
1869
Suez Canal
opens
1857
1903
Sepoy Mutiny
in India
U.S. begins
work on
Panama
Canal
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Union of
South Africa
is formed
Liliuokalani
1838-1917
Hawaiian Queen
Born in Honolulu, Liliuokalani came to
power in 1891. She tried to restore the
power of the monarchy, which had
been weakened by the mostly
American sugar planters, but was
forced to step down in 1895.
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Migration
Many Chinese sought escape from the
turmoil caused by the Opium Wars.
The 1848 discovery of gold in
California triggered a flood of Chinese
migrants to the Gam Saan, or “Gold
Mountain,” of America. By 1870, about
63,000 Chinese had migrated to the
United States.
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The Canal and Disease
After the Spanish-American War,
Colonel William C. Gorgas, a U.S. army
physician, wiped out yellow fever in
Havana, Cuba. In 1904, Gorgas began
an effort to eliminate the disease from
the Isthmus of Panama. Scientists had
just found that mosquitoes transmit
both yellow fever and malaria. By
controlling mosquitoes, Gorgas greatly
lowered the death toll among workers
on the Panama Canal.
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Trekking
The Boers called their northward
migration the “Great Trek.” The word
trek comes from Afrikaans, the Dutchbased language spoken by the Boers,
and means “to pull a wagon” or “to
migrate.” Today adventurers use the
term trek for any ambitious journey,
particularly one into the mountains.
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