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Unit VIII – Boom Times and Challenges (1919-1945) Chapter 24 Section 2 Life during the 1920’s Main Idea 1: In the 1920s many young people found new independence in a changing society. • After the war, many young people moved to cities. – By 1920 more than half of the country’s population lived in urban areas. – Took advantage of 1920s economic boom to gain independence – New youth culture developed • Access to education grew. – High school attendance doubled in 1920s. – More attended colleges and universities. • Women also found new opportunities. – Number of women in workforce continued to grow. – New roles in politics – Some women, known as flappers, openly challenged traditional ideas of how women were supposed to behave. Effects of Urbanization • Though the 1920s was a time of great economic opportunities for many, farmers did not share in the prosperity. • Farming took a hard hit after World War I, when demand for products went down and many workers moved to industrialized cities. • The 1920 census showed that for the first time ever, more Americans lived in cities than in rural areas, and three-fourths of all workers worked somewhere other than a farm. • The rise of the automobile helped bring the cities and the country together, and rural people were now likely to spend time in town and were less isolated. • Education also increased, and by the 1920s many states passed laws requiring children to attend school, helping force children out of workplaces. Compulsory School Attendance School attendance and enrollment increased as industry grew because more people could afford to send their children to school, not to work. The Flapper One popular image that reflects changes for women in the Roaring Twenties was the flapper, a young woman of the era who defied traditional ideas of proper dress and behavior. Flappers • Flappers shocked society by cutting their hair, raising hemlines, wearing makeup, smoking, drinking, and dancing. • The dress style was popular among young, rebellious girls. • .The term flapper suggested an independent, free lifestyle. • Flappers mostly lived in cities, though rural people read about them in magazines. Other Women • In much of the U.S., women only read about flappers in magazines, and many disapproved of flappers or wouldn’t dare to be so reckless. • Some older women’s rights reformers thought flappers were only interested in fun. • Many did not take flappers seriously. The flapper craze took hold mainly in American cities, but in many ways the flappers represented the rift between cities and rural areas. Flappers • The flapper was "modern." • Lively and full of energy, she was single but eligible. • With short hair and a short skirt, with turned-down hose and powdered knees the flapper must have seemed to her mother (the gentle Gibson girl of an earlier generation) like a rebel. • No longer confined to home and tradition, the typical flapper was a young women who was often thought of as a little fast and maybe even a little brazen • These young women further blurred the boundaries between respectable and depraved by their public activities; swearing, smoking cigarettes, drinking alcohol, dancing, and dating were among her pastimes. A Changing Society • Recall – What did many soldiers returning from the war in Europe hope to continue doing when they got home? • Identify – What historical change happened to the nation’s population for the first time? • Contrast – How was life different for young people before they married? • Evaluate – What do you think about women being elected to political office when others were excluded from professional fields? Main Idea 2: Postwar tensions occasionally led to fear and violence. • Negative attitudes toward Communists grew in the 1920s. – After Communists took power in Russia in 1917, Americans worried that they would soon try to gain power in the United States. – Many Americans blamed Communists and radicals for labor strikes and other problems. • Attitudes led to a Red Scare, a time of fear of Communists, or Reds. • Communists were held responsible for bombings and killings. – Bombs were found in postal packages addressed to famous Americans and Communists were held responsible. – Political official’s home was bombed and police raids were organized to break up Communist and radical groups. – Italian anarchists, Sacco and Vanzetti, were convicted and executed for the robbery and murder of a factory paymaster and his guard. Sacco and Vanzetti • In the late 1920s a court case in Massachusetts proved nativist and anti-radical feelings. • Two men named Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were arrested for armed robbery and murder. • The two men were Italian immigrants and also proclaimed anarchists, or radicals who seek the destruction of government. • The evidence against the two men was weak, but it was apparent that the two were on trial for their beliefs as much as for the crimes. • Amid great publicity and protests in Europe and South America as well as in the U.S., the two men were convicted and sentenced to death. • Their 1927 executions were highly controversial, but by then the nation had largely recovered from the Red Scare and the turmoil of the postwar years. Sacco and Vanzetti • Two Italian immigrants, who became unwilling martyrs for the struggle of equal justice for all. • Arrested for a hold up at a shoe factory in which one person was killed. • They had no criminal record but were anarchists. • Tried, found guilty and sentenced to die with real hard evidence. • Were they victims of fear and prejudice? • What happened to the $16,000? Who were the other three criminals? How can one explain the variety of bullets taken from the victims that do not match Sacco's gun? Why did the accused show no change in their behavior? Why were the members of the Morelli gang not questioned? Restricting Immigration • Concerns about immigration – Some Americans believed there was a general fear of foreigners. – Many recent immigrants were poor and did not speak English. – Some Americans saw immigrants as a threat to jobs and culture. • Government responded to these concerns with new laws. – Emergency Quota Act of 1921 limited total number of immigrants allowed into the country. – National Origins Act of 1924 banned immigration from East Asia entirely and reduced the number of immigrants allowed into the country. • Drastic drop in immigration to the United States Fear and Violence • Identify – What two types of people were treated with suspicion? • Recall – What were Sacco and Vanzetti accused of having done? • Evaluate – What are some possible reasons for Americans’ fear of foreigners at the time? Main Idea 3: Competing ideals caused conflict between Americans with traditional beliefs and those with modern views. Prohibition • The Eighteenth Amendment outlawed the manufacture, sale, and transport of alcoholic beverages. –Difficult to enforce –Many broke the law. –Law reduced consumption, but did not stop Americans from drinking. –Support strongest in rural areas –Opposition strongest in cities Ideals •Religious By the end of the 1920s, the nation was weary of the effects of prohibition. –Believed that it would be better to have a legal alcohol trade with government monitoring • The Twenty-first Amendment was passed in 1933, which ended prohibition. Prohibition • Throughout U.S. history, groups like the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union worked to outlaw alcohol, but the drive strengthened in the early 1900s, as Progressives joined the effort. • Over the years, a number of states passed anti-alcohol laws, and World War I helped the cause when grain and grapes, which most alcohol is made from, needed to feed troops. • The fight against alcohol also used bias against immigrants to fuel their cause by portraying immigrant groups as alcoholics. • Protestant religious groups and fundamentalists also favored a liquor ban because they thought alcohol contributed to society’s evils and sins, especially in cities. • By 1917 more than half the states had passed a law restricting alcohol. The Eighteenth Amendment banning alcohol was proposed in 1917 and ratified in 1919. The Volstead Act enforced the amendment. Prohibition in Practice • Enforcing the new Prohibition law proved to be virtually impossible, as making, transporting, and selling alcohol was illegal, but drinking it was not. • Prohibition gave rise to huge smuggling operations, as alcohol slipped into the country through states like Michigan on the Canadian border. • Newspapers followed the hunt for bootleggers, or liquor smugglers, but government officials estimated that in 1925 they caught only 5 percent of all the illegal liquor entering the country. • Many people also made their own liquor using homemade equipment, and others got alcohol from doctors, who could prescribe it as medicine. • The illegal liquor business was the foundation of great criminal empires, like Chicago gangster Al Capone’s crew, who smashed competition, then frightened and bribed police and officials. • 3,000 Prohibition agents nationwide worked to shut down speakeasies, or illegal bars, and to capture illegal liquor and stop gangsters. • Millions of Americans violated the laws, but it would be many years before Prohibition came to an end. Prohibition • Prohibition in the United States was a measure designed to reduce drinking by eliminating the businesses that manufactured, distributed, and sold alcoholic beverages. • The Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution took away license to do business from the brewers, distillers, vintners, and the wholesale and retail sellers of alcoholic beverages. Speakeasies • • • • • • • Speakeasies were actually illegal "nightclubs." They were created during the 20's when prohibition was lurking about and alcohol was ruled illegal. They were usually opened late at night and served a playing field for the rebels that wanted to dance the night away and drink alcohol. They would usually have code words for people to get into and would be run by the local cop on the street. The Cotton Club in Harlem, New York was the most famous of these speakeasies. They were a place where the prosperous could party, local cops could make a little extra cash. In the speakeasies, discrimination was a problem. Al Capone, notorious gangster, was the first person to open up soup kitchens after the 1929 stock market crash and he ordered merchants to give clothes and food to the needy, which he paid for himself. Prohibition - Problems åAlcohol became more dangerous to consume; crime increased and became "organized"; the court and prison systems were stretched to the breaking point; and corruption of public officials was rampant. åNo measurable gains were made in productivity or reduced absenteeism. St. Valentines Day Massacre åProhibition removed a significant source of tax revenue and greatly increased government spending. åIt led many drinkers to switch to opium, marijuana, patent medicines, cocaine, and other dangerous substances that they would have been unlikely to encounter in the absence of Prohibition. Eliot Ness Religious Ideals Fundamentalism • Religious leaders were concerned abut the youth culture and the failure of prohibition in the 1920s. – Wanted to return to traditional values • Led to a movement of fundamentalism– characterized by the belief in a literal, or word-for-word, interpretation of the Bible – Used the radio and modern marketing tools to draw followers – Strong in rural areas and small towns – Believed that modern scientific theories conflicted with teachings of the Bible – Opposed the teaching of evolution in public schools – Laws were passed in many states and cities to prevent the teaching of evolution. The Rise of Fundamentalism Billy Sunday • Changing times caused uncertainty, turning many to religion for answers. • One key religious figure of the time was former ballplayer and ordained minister Billy Sunday. • Sunday condemned radicals and criticized the changing attitudes of women, reflecting much of white, rural America’s ideals. • Sunday’s Christian beliefs were based on a literal translation of the Bible called fundamentalism. Aimee Semple McPherson • Another leading fundamentalist preacher of the time • Seemed to embrace the kind of glamour that other fundamentalists warned about • Her religion, however, was purely fundamentalist. • She was especially well known for healing the sick through prayer. The Scopes Trial • Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution holds that inherited characteristics of a population change over generations, which sometimes results in the rise of a new species. – According to Darwin, the human species may have evolved from an ape-like species that lived long ago. – Fundamentalists think this theory is against the biblical account of how God created humans and that teaching evolution undermine religious faith. • Fundamentalists worked to pass laws preventing evolution being taught in schools, and several states did, including Tennessee in 1925. • One group in Tennessee persuaded a young science teacher named John Scopes to violate the law, get arrested, and go to trial. • Scopes trial in 1925 – Tennessee teacher John T. Scopes put on trial for teaching evolution – Scopes convicted and fined $100 for breaking the law – State supreme court later overturned conviction. • Scopes was represented by Clarence Darrow, and William Jennings Bryan, threetime candidate for president, represented the prosecution. • John Scopes was obviously guilty, but the trial was about larger issues. – Scopes was convicted and fined $100, but Darrow never got a chance to appeal because the conviction was overturned due to a technical violation by the judge. – The Tennessee law remained in place until the 1960s. Scopes Trial • The world's attention was riveted on Dayton, Tennessee, during July, 1925. At issue was the constitutionality of the "Butler Law," which prohibited the teaching of evolution in the classroom. Oklahoma, Florida, Mississippi, North Carolina and Kentucky already had such laws. • The ACLU hoped to use the Scopes case to test (and defeat)Fundamentalist meddling in politics. • Judge John Raulston began the trial by reading the first 27 verses of Genesis. • Clarence Darrow said: "Science gets to the end of its knowledge and, in effect, says, 'I do not know what I do not know,' and keeps on searching. Religion gets to the end of its knowledge, and in effect, says, 'I know what I do not know,' and stops searching. Darrow Bryan Competing Ideals • Intepret – Americans from which two areas clashed over ideals and values? • Recall – How did Al Capone gain control of the alcohol trade? • Summarize – For what reasons did many people believe it would be better to have legal alcohol trade? • Develop – In what ways do you think rural and urban Americans differ today? Competing Ideals • Identify – What theory was developed by Charles Darwin? • Recall – What preacher used radio and modern marketing to draw followers to her beliefs? • Rate – Do you think the Scopes Trial was concluded fairly? Main Idea 4: Following the war, minority groups organized to demand their civil rights. • Great Migration– large numbers of African Americans left South to take jobs in northern factories after the war and through the 1920s. • Some white laborers feared competition for jobs. – Race riots broke out. • Ku Klux Klan gained more strength. – Harassed African Americans, Catholics, Jews, and immigrants – Worked against urbanization, women’s rights, and modern technology – Became influential in politics – More than 5 million members The Great Migration • Beginning around 1910, Harlem, New York, became a favorite destination for black Americans migrating from the South. • Southern life was difficult for African Americans, many of whom worked as sharecroppers or in other low-paying jobs and often faced racial violence. • Many African Americans looked to the North to find freedom and economic opportunities, and during World War I the demand for equipment and supplies offered African Americans factory jobs in the North. • African American newspapers spread the word of opportunities in northern cities, and African Americans streamed into cities such as Chicago and Detroit. • This major relocation of African Americans is known as the Great Migration. African Americans after World War I Tensions • Many found opportunities in the North but also racism. • Racial tensions were especially severe after World War I, when a shortage of jobs created a rift between whites and African American workers. • This tension created a wave of racial violence in the summer of 1919. • The deadliest riot occurred in Chicago, Illinois, when a dispute at a public beach led to rioting that left 38 people dead and nearly 300 injured. • Racially motivated riots occurred in about two dozen other cities in 1919. Raised Expectations • Another factor that added to racial tensions was the changing expectations of African Americans. • Many believed they had earned greater freedom for helping fight for freedom overseas in World War I. • Unfortunately, not everyone agreed that their war service had earned them greater freedom. • In fact, some whites were determined to strike back against the new African American attitudes. KKK • The name was constructed by combining the Greek "kuklos" (circle) with "clan." It was at first a humorous social club centering on practical jokes and hazing rituals but soon spread into nearly every Southern state, launching a "reign of terror" against Republican leaders both black and white. KKK • The second Ku Klux Klan (KKK) sought to reverse the changes in gender and sexual norms. • The KKK worked to elevate white Protestant men and women while blaming the demise of America's moral standards on Catholics, Jews, and people of color. "pure Americanism." • As a result of pressure from western states and nativist organizations, the federal government enacted laws that specifically targeted Asian immigrants, such as the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882 and the "Gentlemen's Agreement" with Japan in 1907. Literacy Tests. Immigration Act of 1924 (Quotas) • KKK hatred of Blacks, Jews, Catholics, Flappers and Immigrants. It established one of the largest social movements of the 20th century, enrolling nearly five million of ordinary, "respectable," middle-class Americans Protecting Rights • African Americans began working to protect their rights. – The NAACP placed advertisements in newspapers presenting harsh facts about lynchings in the South. – Marcus Garvey encouraged black people to express pride in their culture and establish economic independence. – Black nationalism movement took root. • Hispanic Americans organized to fight prejudice and promote civil rights – Formed the League of United Latin American Citizens in 1929 • Native Americans fought to establish their rights. – In 1924 Congress passed the Indian Citizenship Act, granting citizenship to all Native Americans. – Successfully prevented the federal government from taking back reservation lands Marcus Garvey and W.E.B. Du Bois Another famous figure of the era was Marcus Garvey, a Jamaicanborn American who took pride in his African heritage. Garvey’s Rise • Formed the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), which promoted selfreliance for African Americans without white involvement. • Garvey wanted American blacks to go back to Africa to create a new empire. • Garvey wanted African Americans to have economic success. His Black Star Line promoted trade among Africans around the world. • About 2 million mostly poor African Americans joined UNIA. Conflict with Du Bois • Garvey thought the NAACP discouraged African American self-confidence, and that their goal of breaking down barriers between races threatened African racial purity. • Du Bois and the NAACP were suspicious of UNIA too, and The Crisis published an investigation of UNIA. • The FBI charged UNIA with mail fraud, and UNIA collapsed when Garvey went to prison and then left the country upon release. Minority Rights • Identify – What did African Americans hope to escape by coming north? • Recall – How did Marcus Garvey think black people should establish their independence? • Make Inferences – Based on the activities of the Ku Klux Klan, what sort of people might their members have been? Why do you think so? • Predict – Do you think the League of United Latin American Citizens has been successful in achieving its goals? Minority Rights • Recall – Which group was granted citizenship in 1924? • Explain – Why do you think some black leaders were opposed to Garvey’s ideas? • Identify Cause and Effect – What helped bring about Native American citizenship? Jazz Age – 5:18 min. Scopes Monkey Trial: Teaching Creationism or Evolution in School (02:56) Prohibition and Gangsters- 4:31 min. The Rise of Prohibition -4:31 Changing the Shape of American Organized Crime: Al Capone and Prohibition (04:52) Capone Begins Long Jail Term (00:47)