Download Early Republic - Robert P. Brabham Middle School

Early Republic
Unit 6
Leadership Qualities
★ Honesty
★ Courage
★ Inspirational
★ Thoughtful
1st 5 Presidents Acronym
Washington (Washington, George)
And
(Adams, John)
Jefferson
(Jefferson, Thomas)
Get Mad
(Madison, James)
On Monday (Monroe, James)
*Washington and Jefferson get mad on Mondays. *
George Washington
1st President
1789-1797
George Washington - 1st President
Examples of George Washington’s Leadership Qualities:
★ Led the Continental Army during the American Revolution
★ Led the Constitutional Convention (Philadelphia Convention)
★ Served as the First President of the United States for two
terms
★ Established the role of the President
Constitutional Convention
★ Took place in Philadelphia in 1787
★ George Washington was the leader
★ Goal: to fix The Articles of Confederation
★ The fix: Wrote the Constitution
★ Father of the Constitution - James Madison
George Washington - 1st President
Issues faced by George Washington when he was President:
★ Domestic Problem : Whiskey Rebellion
★ Setting up the nation’s courts : Judiciary Act of 1789
★ Defining the authority of the central government :
Presidential Cabinet
★ Creating a stable economy : National Bank
George Washington - 1st President
Maintaining National Security : Whiskey Rebellion
★ What: a rebellion
★ Who: farmers in Western Pennsylvania
★ Why: The government was taxing the grain that the farmers
used to make whiskey. The tax decreased the profits on the
grain they produced.
★ Outcome: George Washington sent out federal troops to stop
the uprising.
★ Realization: The federal government was too weak to stop
uprisings.
George Washington - 1st President
Setting up the nation’s court system : Federal Judiciary Act
1789
★ Federal Judiciary Act 1789 - a law that designed the state
and federal court system
George Washington - 1st President
Foreign Policy : Neutrality
★ George Washington declared neutrality in 1793 when the
British and French went to war against each other.
★ He believed that the United States must remain a neutral
third party in order to survive.
George Washington - 1st President
Defining the authority of the central government : Presidential Cabinet
Issue: The Constitution doesn’t mention a “cabinet.” It does state that the
President may seek advice from heads of executive departments.
Solution: Washington set a “cabinet” that was used as a precedent for all
Presidents.
Presidential Cabinet: Officers are nominated by the President. The nominees
are either rejected or confirmed by The Senate. (example of checks &
balances)
George Washington - 1st President
Creating a stable economy for the nation : National Bank
Issue: The United States had substantial debt after the American Revolution
Solution: Creation of a national bank
Justification: “Necessary and Proper Clause” This clause in the Constitution
allows the federal government to carry out the government’s duties. In other
words, it was necessary for the government to create a national bank in order
to strengthen the nation’s economy.
George Washington - 1st President
Impact of George Washington’s Farewell Address:
★ Urged the nation to remain neutral and stay away from
permanent alliances with any part of the foreign world.
★ Recognized that political parties were dangerous and that they
could weakened the nation.
★ His advice contributed to many future U.S. foreign policies.
John Adams - 2nd President
2nd President
1797 - 1801
John Adams - 2nd President
Examples of John Adams’ leadership qualities:
★ defended the British troops after the Boston Massacre
★ Worked on The Declaration of Independence with Thomas
Jefferson
★ Served on the Continental Congress
★ First Vice-President of the United States
★ 2nd President of the United States
John Adams - 2nd President
Maintaining National Security: XYZ Affair
Issue: Britain and France were at war. The French were seizing American
ships to keep the Americans from trading with Britain.
Details: French agents X,Y and Z met with American diplomats in France to
negotiate with the French in order to stop the seizing of American ships.
Agents X, Y and Z, demanded a bribe be paid before the American diplomats
could begin formal negotiations. (Americans would have to give France a $10
million loan and pay a $250,000 bribe to Primes Minister Talleyrand of
France.
John Adams - 2nd President
Solution: John Adams refused to pay the bribe. Congress cancelled their
treaties with France. John Adams avoided war with France even though many
Americans disagreed with his decision.
Realization: John Adams realized that money needed to be set aside to
strengthen the United States military.
John Adams - 2nd President
Defining the authority of the central government : Alien & Sedition Acts
Issue: Laws targeting immigrants in order to “strengthen national security”
Background Info: This happened after the French seized Americans ships and
demanded a bribe from American diplomats. The Alien & Sedition Acts were
supported by the Federalists. Federalists said the acts would strengthen
national security. Critics of the Alien & Sedition Acts said that it was an
attempt to quiet voters that disagreed with the Federalist Party.
John Adams - 2nd President
Details: The Naturalization Act required that immigrants had to live in the
United States for 14 years before they could become citizens. Before the acts,
the residency requirement was 5 years to become a citizen. During this time,
immigrants could be removed from the United States or jailed for disagreeing
with the United States government. They could also be removed or jailed for
sedition. Sedition is saying or writing anything false or harmful about the
government.
Outcome: When Thomas Jefferson won the Presidential election of 1801, he
denounced (ended) the Alien & Sedition Acts.
John Adams - 2nd President
Origin and development of political parties: Federalists & Democratic-Republicans
Origin: Political Parties started because Americans disagreed over the
power of the federal government.
Federalists: Federalists were in favor of a strong central government.
They interpreted the Constitution loosely. They favored the creation of a
national bank and tariffs. Federalists promoted manufacturing over
agriculture. They were led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams.
Federalists were supported by Northern merchants and manufacturers.
John Adams - 2nd President
Democratic Republicans: Democratic Republicans were in
favor of limiting the power of the central government. They
interpreted the Constitution strictly. Democratic Republicans
promoted agriculture over manufacturing. They did not want a
national bank or tariffs. Democratic Republicans were led by
Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. They were supported by
Southern farmers and workers.
Thomas Jefferson - 3rd President
3rd President
1801 - 1809
Thomas Jefferson - 3rd President
Examples of Thomas Jeffersons’ leadership qualities:
★
★
★
★
Wrote the Declaration of Independence
Fought for individual liberties
First Secretary of the United States
3rd President of the United States
Thomas Jefferson - 3rd President
Setting up the nation’s court system:
Court Case: Marbury v. Madison - 1803
Issue: Thomas Jefferson ordered James Madison not to deliver
John Adams’ last minute judicial appointments.
Details: John Adams had lost the 1801 Presidential election to
Thomas Jefferson. John Adams was a Federalist. Adams had
appointed Federalists to be judges.
Thomas Jefferson - 3rd President
Thomas Jefferson was a Democratic Republican. Jefferson did
not approve of John Adams’ Federalist appointed judges. Thomas
Jefferson, through his Secretary of State James Madison,
prevented the judges from receiving their appointments. James
Madison did not deliver the appointments to the Federalist
judges. John Marbury sued James Madison because he didn’t get
appointment to become a judge.
Thomas Jefferson - 3rd President
Court’s Decision:
John Marshall, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, said that the
law that allowed John Marbury to sue James Madison was
unconstitutional.
Significance:
John Marshall’s decision set the precedent of judicial review.
Judicial Review is the power of the Supreme Court to determine
if a law is constitutional.
Thomas Jefferson - 3rd President
Defining the authority of the central government: Louisiana
Purchase 1803
The deal: Thomas Jefferson paid France $15 million for the
Louisiana Territory.
Significance: The size of the United States is doubled from this
land purchase.
Thomas Jefferson - 3rd President
Foreign Policy: Embargo Act of 1807
What the act did: The act prohibited Americans from trading
with foreign nations.
Purpose: The Embargo Act of 1807 was to prevent America
from entering the Napoleonic Wars. (Series of wars between
French Empires)
Thomas Jefferson - 3rd President
Outcome: The act failed and hurt the American economy.
★ Thomas Jefferson was following George Washington’s
advice regarding neutrality and avoiding foreign
involvement.
James Madison - 4th President
4th President
1809- 1817
James Madison - 4th President
Examples of James Madison’s leadership qualities:
★ Commander and chief during the War of 1812
James Madison – 4th President
http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/james-madison/videos/jamesmadison-and-the-war-of-1812
James Madison – 4th President
Significance of the War of 1812:
 America vs. Britain
 Established the United States as a powerful
force
 No territory was lost or gained
 No clear winner
James Madison - 4th President
Foreign Policy: Causes of the War of 1812
★ British impressment of soldiers
★ Shipping interference
★ British supported American Indian resistance against
Americans in the Northwest Territory
★ War Hawks persuaded Congress to support a declaration of
war against Britain
James Madison - 4th President
Impressment:
Step 1: France tried to involve the Americans in their war with Britain.
Step 2: George Washington claimed neutrality and tried to discourage
American involvement in the war.
Step 3: Some French ships were seizing British vessels and stole their cargo.
Step 4: The British got mad and targeted American ships that traded with the
French. This is known as shipping interference.
Step 5: The British also forced the American seamen into the Navy. The
forcing of troops into your armed service is called impressment.
Step 6: The British attacks and impressment pushed the Americans and Britain
closer to war.
James Madison - 4th President
American Indian Resistance:
Step 1: Ohio became a state in 1803.
Step 2: White settlers wanted the land in the Ohio River Valley/Northwest
Territory because of the potential for fur trading.
Step 3: The white settlers were moving on this land because of the treaties
between them and the Native Americans. These treaties made Native
Americans give up millions of acres of land.
Step 4: Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief, brought Native Americans into a
confederacy. This confederation was backed by the British. Tecumseh felt that
a strong alliance with Britain would keep white settlers from moving on these
lands.
James Madison - 4th President
War Hawks:
Origin: War Hawks were young Republicans that were elected to
Congress in 1810.
Beliefs:
★ War Hawks wanted President Madison to go to war with
Britain.
★ War Hawks also wanted to expand the nation’s power.
★ War Hawks wanted to expand the power of the U.S. military.
James Madison - 4th President
Important events during the War of 1812:
★ 1814 Attack on Washington D.C
★ Fort McHenry
★ Battle of New Orleans
★ Treaty of Ghent
James Madison - 4th President
1814 Attack on Washington D.C.
The British attacked and occupied Washington D.C. They set fire to the public
buildings there. A portrait of George Washington, painted by Gilbert Stuart
hung in the White House. The portrait was saved by Dolley Madison before
the White House burned down.
A storm put the fire out. The British didn’t stay there. They moved onto
Baltimore.
It is rumored that the White House was painted white in 1814 to cover up the
burn marks after the British set fire to it.
James Madison – 4th President
http://www.history.com/topics/first-ladies/dolley-madison/videos/dolleymadison-saves-washingtons-portrait
James Madison - 4th President
Gilbert Stuart Portrait of
George Washington
Portrait rescued by Dolly
Madison when the White
House was burning.
James Madison - 4th President
Fort McHenry:
On September 1814, the British bombarded Fort McHenry for 25 hours. The
British ships could not make it to Boston Harbor because the Americans
guarded it well, with 22 sunken ships and cannons. The British were able to
get close enough to bombard Fort McHenry with rockets and mortars.
Francis Scott Key was a prisoner, watching as Fort McHenry was bombarded.
In the morning, after all night bombardment, the United States Flag still flew.
Francis Scott Key was so excited and emotional that he wrote a poem.
James Madison - 4th President
The poem was titled “Defence of Fort McHenry.” The Star Spangled Banner
was derived from his poem.
http://youtu.be/mm-8a6YrCSo
James Madison - 4th President
Treaty of Ghent:
The peace treaty that ended the War of 1812. The U.S and Britain went back to
their “pre-war” relationship.
Battle of New Orleans:
The “Treaty of Ghent” was in the process when the war began. The “Treaty of
Ghent” ended the War of 1812. The British were trying to seize the Port of
New Orleans as well as the land America had bought with the Louisiana
Purchase. General Andrew Jackson beat the British and this defeat made him
an American hero.
James Madison - 4th President
Effects of the War of 1812:
● The United States gained international respect internationally for
withstanding British attack.
● The professionalism of the U.S. Army improved.
● Tha manufacturing capabilities of the U.S expanded.
James Madison - 4th President
Manufacturing Capabilities Expanded:
When the British blockaded the American coast, a shortage of cotton was
created.
Prior to the blockade, the United States shipped cotton as a raw material, to
Britain. The cotton was turned into cloth and sent back to the United States.
This was the beginning of cotton-manufacturing.
Many cotton- manufacturing factories were located in the north. This is how
the United States was able to become independent of Britain regarding the
cotton industry.
War of 1812 – Economic Change
• Interruption of trade during War of 1812 causes Americans to
rely on U.S. manufactured goods which results in an increase of
production of cotton cloth.
• Improvements were made to transportation routes including the
building of roads and canals. Ex.: Erie Canal opens 1825
• Tariffs were placed on imported goods, which helped to promote
U.S. manufacturing.
James Monroe - 5th President
Established one of the basic principles of
American foreign policy with
The Monroe Doctrine.
James Monroe - 5th President