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America: Pathways to the Present
Chapter 19
The Cold War
(1945–1960)
Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as
Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.
America: Pathways to the Present
Chapter 19: The Cold War (1945–1960)
Section 1: Origins of the Cold War
Section 2: The Cold War Heats Up
Section 3: The Korean War
Section 4: The Continuing Cold War
Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as
Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.
The Cold War Heats Up
Chapter 19, Section 2
• How did the Marshall Plan, the Berlin airlift, and NATO
help to achieve American goals in postwar Europe?
• How did Communist advances affect American
foreign policy?
• How did the Cold War affect American life at home?
The Marshall Plan
Chapter 19, Section 2
• The United States wanted to help European nations
recover from the war and become economically
strong democracies. It also wanted to prevent
Communists from continuing to gain power in
Europe.
• The Marshall Plan was created in 1947 by U.S.
Secretary of State George C. Marshall as a means to
achieve these goals. According to the Marshall Plan,
participating nations would design recovery programs
and would receive financial aid from the United
States.
• Seventeen Western European nations joined the plan,
receiving a total of $13 billion in aid.
The Berlin Airlift
Chapter 19, Section 2
• As part of the postwar division of Germany, the city of
Berlin, located in Communist East Germany, was
divided into West Berlin (capitalist) and East Berlin
(Communist).
• In June 1948, Stalin banned all shipments to West
Berlin through East Germany, creating a blockade
which threatened to cut off supplies to the city.
• In response, Allied nations began the Berlin airlift,
which delivered thousands of tons of food and other
supplies to West Berlin via air.
• Although the Soviet blockade ended in May 1949,
Berlin remained a focal point of Cold War conflict.
NATO
Chapter 19, Section 2
Why create a treaty organization?
• Soviet vetoes prevented the
United Nations from resolving a
number of postwar problems.
• The United States sought to
avoid the problems of post–
World War I isolationism.
• The United States did not want to
be the only nation in the Western
Hemisphere committed to
fighting communism. A Canadian
role in the treaty organization
would be vital.
What was NATO?
• The North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO) was formed
in April 1949.
• In joining NATO, the United
States, Canada, and ten Western
European nations pledged to
support one another against
attack, a principle known as
collective security.
• In response, the Soviet Union
created the Warsaw Pact, a
military alliance between the
Soviet Union and its satellite
nations.
Communist Advances
Chapter 19, Section 2
The Soviet Atomic Threat
• In September 1949, Truman
announced that the Soviet Union
had successfully tested an
atomic bomb.
• In response, the United States
began developing the even more
powerful hydrogen bomb,
reestablishing itself as the
world’s leading nuclear power.
• The newly formed Federal Civil
Defense Administration
distributed information on how to
survive a nuclear attack; this
information was ridiculed by
experts.
China Falls to the Communists
• During World War II, competing
factions in China had cooperated,
but fighting between them
resumed towards the end of the
war.
• At first, the United States
supported Nationalist leader
Jiang Jieshi against Communist
Mao Zedong. However, the United
States later decided to focus on
Western Europe instead.
• Many Americans viewed Mao
Zedong’s creation of a
Communist state in China as a
failure of Truman’s policies.
The Cold War at Home
Chapter 19, Section 2
•
•
•
•
During the late 1940s, fear of Communist spies created a climate
of suspicion in the United States.
Truman established a federal employee loyalty program in 1947,
checking the backgrounds of all new and existing federal
employees.
The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) began
investigating Hollywood personalities who the committee claimed,
had Communist leanings. When one group, known as the
Hollywood Ten, refused to answer HUAC’s questions, they were
cited for contempt of Congress and imprisoned.
Hollywood studios compiled a blacklist, a list circulated to
employers naming persons who should not be hired. Blacklisted
individuals came from all sections of the industry and included
anyone who seemed subversive.
The Cold War at Home
Chapter 19, Section 2
• Fueled by fears of disloyal immigrants from
Communist countries, the 1952 McCarran-Walter Act
reestablished the immigration quota system from
1924. This act discriminated against potential
immigrants from Asia and Southern and Central
Europe.
• Two famous spy cases reinforced fears that Soviet
spies in the United States were sharing American
secrets with foreign Communists. These were the
cases of Alger Hiss and of Julius and Ethel
Rosenberg.
The Cold War Heats Up—Assessment
Chapter 19, Section 2
Which of these phrases best describes NATO?
(A) A collective security pact between the United States, Canada, and
Western European nations
(B) A military alliance between the USSR and its satellite nations
(C) A U.S.-sponsored program for postwar recovery
(D) A regional group within the United Nations
Which of these was a result of HUAC’s investigation of the movie industry?
(A) Hollywood approved many scripts that dealt with controversial
social problems.
(B) Many Hollywood personalities were blacklisted.
(C) The McCarran-Walter Act was passed.
(D) Pro-Soviet movies became popular.
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The Cold War Heats Up—Assessment
Chapter 19, Section 2
Which of these phrases best describes NATO?
(A) A collective security pact between the United States, Canada, and
Western European nations
(B) A military alliance between the USSR and its satellite nations
(C) A U.S.-sponsored program for postwar recovery
(D) A regional group within the United Nations
Which of these was a result of HUAC’s investigation of the movie industry?
(A) Hollywood approved many scripts that dealt with controversial
social problems.
(B) Many Hollywood personalities were blacklisted.
(C) The McCarran-Walter Act was passed.
(D) Pro-Soviet movies became popular.
Want to link to the Pathways Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!