Download The Cold War Heats Up

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The Cold War Heats Up
TEKS
6(D), 14(C), 24(H)
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As the Cold War intensified, the United States focused on strengthening Western
European democracies and economies. Through the Marshall Plan, named for
Secretary of State George C. Marshall, the United States gave financial aid to
Europe, gaining allies and trading partners.
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Many European nations looked to the UN for protection. But the Soviet Union vetoed all UN
attempts to solve postwar problems. Therefore, in order to strengthen European alliances
and deal with postwar problems, the United States, Canada, and some Western European
nations formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) of mutual military
assistance. The Soviet Union responded with the Warsaw Pact, a military alliance with its
satellite nations.
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Congress hunted for Communists in government agencies and in the film industry through
the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), which relentlessly pursued anyone
it suspected of supporting Communist ideas. Hollywood studios circulated a blacklist of
industry people who were denied work in films because they opposed HUAC and spoke out.
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In 1949 the Soviet Union successfully tested an atomic bomb, and Communists
finally took control of China under their leader Mao Zedong. These two events
convinced many Americans that communism was a serious domestic threat, and
a new Red Scare threatened civil rights.
Adding to the anti- Communist campaigns were the trials of Alger Hiss, a former
high-ranking State Department employee, and Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, all
accused of spying. Following a controversial trial that is still debated, the
Rosenbergs were executed for treason.
The Cold War Heats Up
Begin Taking Notes
1. How
did the Marshall Plan, the Berlin airlift, and NATO help to achieve American
goals in postwar Europe?
2. How did Communist advances affect American foreign policy?
3. How did the Cold War affect American life at home?
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The Marshall Plan
The United States wanted to help European nations recover from the war and become economically strong
democracies. It also wanted to prevent Communists from continuing to gain power in Europe.
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The Marshall Plan was created in 1947 by U.S. Secretary of State George C. Marshall as a means to
achieve these goals. According to the Marshall Plan, participating nations would design recovery programs
and would receive financial aid from the United States.
Seventeen Western European nations joined the plan, receiving a total of $13 billion in aid.
The Berlin Airlift
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As part of the postwar division of Germany, the city of Berlin, located in
Communist East Germany, was divided into West Berlin (capitalist) and East
Berlin (Communist).
In June 1948, Stalin banned all shipments to West Berlin through East Germany,
creating a blockade which threatened to cut off supplies to the city.
The Berlin Airlift
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In response, Allied nations began the Berlin airlift, which delivered thousands of
tons of food and other supplies to West Berlin via air.
Although the Soviet blockade ended in May 1949, Berlin remained a focal point
of Cold War conflict.
The Berlin Airlift
NATO
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Why create a treaty organization?
Soviet vetoes prevented the United Nations from resolving a number of postwar problems.
The United States sought to avoid the problems of post–World War I isolationism.
The United States did not want to be the only nation in the Western Hemisphere committed to fighting communism. A
Canadian role in the treaty organization would be vital.
What was NATO?
Communist Advances
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The Soviet Atomic Threat
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In September 1949, Truman announced that the Soviet Union had successfully tested an atomic bomb.
In response, the United States began developing the even more powerful hydrogen bomb, reestablishing itself as the world’s leading
nuclear power.
The newly formed Federal Civil Defense Administration distributed information on how to survive a nuclear attack; this information was
ridiculed by experts.
China Falls to the Communists
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The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed in April 1949.
In joining NATO, the United States, Canada, and ten Western European nations pledged to support one another against attack, a principle
known as collective security.
In response, the Soviet Union created the Warsaw Pact, a military alliance between the Soviet Union and its satellite nations.
During World War II, competing factions in China had cooperated, but fighting between them resumed towards the end of the war.
At first, the United States supported Nationalist leader Jiang Jieshi against Communist Mao Zedong. However, the United States later
decided to focus on Western Europe instead.
Many Americans viewed Mao Zedong’s creation of a Communist state in China as a failure of Truman’s policies.
The Cold War at Home
During the late 1940s, fear of Communist spies created a climate of suspicion in
the United States.
Truman established a federal employee loyalty program in 1947, checking the
backgrounds of all new and existing federal employees.
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The Cold War at Home
The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) began investigating Hollywood personalities who
the committee claimed, had Communist leanings. When one group, known as the Hollywood Ten, refused to
answer HUAC’s questions, they were cited for contempt of Congress and imprisoned.
Hollywood studios compiled a blacklist, a list circulated to employers naming persons who should not be
hired. Blacklisted individuals came from all sections of the industry and included anyone who seemed
subversive.
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The Cold War at Home
Fueled by fears of disloyal immigrants from Communist countries, the 1952 McCarran-Walter Act
reestablished the immigration quota system from 1924. This act discriminated against potential immigrants
from Asia and Southern and Central Europe.
Two famous spy cases reinforced fears that Soviet spies in the United States were sharing American secrets
with foreign Communists. These were the cases of Alger Hiss and of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg.
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The Cold War Heats Up—Assessment
Which of these phrases best describes NATO?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
A collective security pact between the United States, Canada, and Western European nations
A military alliance between the USSR and its satellite nations
A U.S.-sponsored program for postwar recovery
A regional group within the United Nations
Which of these was a result of HUAC’s investigation of the movie industry?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
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Hollywood approved many scripts that dealt with controversial social problems.
Many Hollywood personalities were blacklisted.
The McCarran-Walter Act was passed.
Pro-Soviet movies became popular.
The Cold War Heats Up—Assessment
Which of these phrases best describes NATO?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
A collective security pact between the United States, Canada, and Western European nations
A military alliance between the USSR and its satellite nations
A U.S.-sponsored program for postwar recovery
A regional group within the United Nations
Which of these was a result of HUAC’s investigation of the movie industry?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
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Hollywood approved many scripts that dealt with controversial social problems.
Many Hollywood personalities were blacklisted.
The McCarran-Walter Act was passed.
Pro-Soviet movies became popular.
QUIZ
Put your name, date, and period on a piece of binder paper – number it 1 to 10.
Make sure to title the quiz.
Complete the quiz.
QUIZ
Work
Look over your notes from today.
1. Answer the 3 questions from today’s lecture.
2. In five sentences, write a brief summary of what we went over in class today. Use the highlighted key terms in
your summary!
Title the paper the same as the Lecture Notes.
Make sure to put your Name, Date, and Period in the upper right hand corner of your page.
Turn this in at the beginning of class tomorrow – put it in the hand-in/collection basket.
Worth 25 out of 100 points for this week’s Daily grade.
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