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U.S. REGENTS REVIEW Thematic Review PRESIDENTS PRESIDENT George Washington Thomas Jefferson Andrew Jackson Abraham Lincoln Andrew Johnson YEARS IN OFFICE KNOWN FOR: 1789-1797 • Set precedents such as a cabinet and two terms • Put down the Whiskey Rebellion (federal power) • Foreign policy of neutrality (no entangling alliances) 1801-1809 • Author of the Declaration of Independence • Opposed Federalists (limited, decentralized government) • Negotiated the Louisiana Purchase from France 1829-1837 • Opposed Calhoun and nullification of 1828 tariff • Native American Removal Policy • “Spoils system”- gave jobs to supporters 1861-1869 • Used war powers to preserve the Union in Civil War • Emancipation Proclamation & Gettysburg Address • Assassinated before he could act on Reconstruction 1865-1869 • Impeached by the House over reconstruction policies • 13th and 14th Amendments PRESIDENTS PRESIDENT Theodore Roosevelt William H. Taft Woodrow Wilson Herbert Hoover Franklin D. Roosevelt YEARS IN OFFICE KNOWN FOR: 1901-1909 • Square Deal programs (conservation, reforms, trust-bust) • Roosevelt Corollary- expand influence in Latin America • Foreign Policy- increase influence in Asia and Caribbean 1909-1913 • Dollar Diplomacy- military support to Latin America • Continued Progressive Era policies • Did not continue with conservation- split the party 1913-1921 • New Freedom program • Anti-trust legislation and lowering of tariffs • WWI; supported Treaty of Versailles & League of Nations 1929-1933 • Great Depression; opposed direct relief • “Rugged individualism” • Used federal troops vs. WWI veterans’ Bonus Army 1933-1945 • • • • New Deal (Relief Recovery Reform)- federal power Court-packing Controversy Japanese-American internment during WWII Only president to serve more than 2 terms PRESIDENTS PRESIDENT Harry S. Truman Dwight D. Eisenhower John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson YEARS IN OFFICE 1945-1953 1953-1961 1961-1963 1963-1969 KNOWN FOR: • • • • • Dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima & Nagasaki WWII Policy of containment during the Cold War Supported the Marshall Plan and Truman Doctrine Fair Deal (continuum of New Deal) Entered Korean War • Issued the Eisenhower Doctrine • Sent troops to Little Rock, Arkansas- integration • Alaska and Hawaii become 49th and 50th states • • • • New Frontier Program (containment) Created the Peace Corps Ended the Cuban Missile Crisis; but failed Bay of Pigs Assassinated in 1963 • Great Society Program (antipoverty and civil rights) • Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (expand Vietnam war) • President during the bulk of Civil Rights Movement PRESIDENT PRESIDENT Richard M. Nixon Jimmy Carter Ronald Reagan YEARS IN OFFICE 1969-1974 KNOWN FOR: • Vietnamization policy of increased bombings; cease-fire • Détente – relaxed tensions with the Soviet Union and China • Watergate Scandal led to resignation 1977-1981 • Supported human rights and Panama Canal treaties • Camp David Accords- attempt at peace in Middle East • Iranian Hostage Crisis 1981-1989 • Supply-side economics – gov’t works vs. individual initiative • Wanted to keep communism out of Latin America • Iran-Contra Scandal weakened popularity George W. Bush 2001-2009 • • • • Close election vs. Gore (ballot recount in Florida) No Child Left Behind & Dept. of Homeland Security 9/11 attacks- sent troops to Afghanistan Sent troops to Iraq (WMDs) AMENDMENTS AMENDMENT DESCRIPTION 1st Amendment • Freedom of religion, speech, and press • Right to peacefully assemble and to petition the government • Right to posses fire arms 2nd Amendment • Government may not require people to house soldiers during peacetime 3rd Amendment • Protects people from unreasonable search and seizures 4th Amendment 5th Amendment • Protection against self-incrimination and double jeopardy • Guarantees due process of law 6th Amendment • Guarantees the right to a speedy, public trial • Right to confront witnesses and to legal counsel • Guarantees the right to trial by jury in most civil cases 7th Amendment AMENDMENTS AMENDMENT DESCRIPTION 8th Amendment • Prohibits excessive balls and fines • Bans “cruel and unusual punishments • Rights not mentioned in the Constitution belong to the people 9th Amendment 10th Amendment • Powers not given to the national government belong to the states or the people 11th Amendment • Grants state immunity from certain law suits 12th Amendment • Separates voting for President and Vice President 13th Amendment • Abolishes slavery • Reconstruction amendment 14th Amendment • Defines citizenship • Prohibits states from denying people due process and equal protection under the law • Reconstruction amendment AMENDMENTS AMENDMENT DESCRIPTION • Grants voting rights to African American men 15th Amendment • Gives Congress power to tax incomes 16th Amendment 17th Amendment • Requires election of U.S. Senators by people of a state, not the state legislature 18th Amendment • Prohibits manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages • Prohibition (temperance movement) • Grants voting rights to women 19th Amendment 20th Amendment • Shortens the amount of time between election of a president and of Congress to start of term in office • Repeals the Eighteenth Amendment 21st Amendment AMENDMENTS AMENDMENT DESCRIPTION • Limits president to two terms 22nd Amendment 23rd Amendment • Grants electoral votes and right to vote in presidential elections to the District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.) 24th Amendment • Abolishes poll taxes as a qualification for voting in federal elections • 24 for the poor! 25th Amendment • Sets procedure for determining presidential disability and succession and for filling a vice-presidential vacancy 26th Amendment • Lowers the voting age to 18 • Due to the Vietnam War • Bans mid-term congressional pay raises 27th Amendment SUPREME COURT CASES COURT CASE CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES Marbury v. Madison (1803) • • Separation of Powers Checks and Balances OUTCOME/ IMPORTANCE • • Established judicial review- the right to determine the constitutionality of laws Strengthened the power of the Supreme Court McCullough v. Maryland (1819) • • Federalism Necessary and Proper Clause • • No state could tax a federally chartered bank Established the principle of national supremacyConstitution and fed. Law overrule state laws Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) • • Federalism Interstate commerce • States may regulate only what is solely intrastate trade (within their state) Federal government regulates interstate trade • Worchester v. Georgia (1832) • • Dred Scott v. Sanford • (1857) Federalism Rights of Ethnic/ Racial Groups • Civil Liberties • • • Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) • • Rights of Ethnic/ Racial Groups Equal Protection (14th) • • Federal government has the jurisdiction over Native American nations Defied by Jackson- led to Indian Removal Act Ruled that African Americans were not citizens- but were property of their owners Made the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional Upheld Louisiana law providing for separate but equal accommodations for blacks and whites Made segregation legal SUPREME COURT CASES COURT CASE CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLE OUTCOME/ IMPORTANCE Schenck v. United States (1919) • Civil Liberties- limited during wartime • • Limits on free speech; right is not absolute Defendant’s actions (war flyers) posed a clear and present danger to the security of U.S. during war Korematsu v. United • States (1944) • Civil Liberties Equal Protection (14th) • Upheld the power of the President to limit civil liberties during war Japanese Internment Camps were legal • Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas (1954) • • Equal Protection(14th) Federalism • • Mapp v. Ohio (1961) • • Criminal Procedures 4th & 14th Amendments • • Court overturns Plessy v. Ferguson separate but equal doctrine Ruled segregation illegal (violates 14th Amendment) 4th&14th Amendments protect against illegal searches Exclusionary rule- evidence found without a warrant can’t be used in couty Engel v.Vitale (1962) • • Civil Liberties 1st & 14th Amendments • Reciting prayer in school violated 1st & 14th Amendments Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) Criminal Procedures 6th & 14th Amendments • 6th and 14th Amendments require that states provide a lawyer to those who cannot afford one • • SUPREME COURT COURT CASE CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES Miranda v. Arizona (1966) • • Criminal Procedures 5th & 14th Amendments OUTCOME/ IMPORTANCE • • Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) • • 1st Amendment Students’ Rights/ Safe Schools • • Established requirement prior to questioning to inform those accused of crimes that they have certain rights Evidence obtained without this warning apply to the exclusionary rule Neither students nor teachers shed their rights at the school gate (arm bands) Symbolic, silent expression of opinion is protected under 1st Amendment New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) Roe v. Wade (1973) • • 1st Amendment National Power • Upheld 1st Amendment- freedom of press (Pentagon Papers) • Rights of Women/ Privacy • State laws making abortions illegal were unconstitutional (with certain limits) New Jersey v. T.L.O. • • 4th Amendment Students’ Rights/ Safe Schools • Schools must have reasonable grounds to search students’ possessions Vernonia School District v. Acton • • 4th Amendment Students’ Rights/ Safe Schools • Drug-testing student athletes does not violate the 4th or 14th Amendment IMPORTANT PEOPLE PERSON ERA KNOWN FOR Jane Addams Progressive (18901920) • • Social settlement house movement (Hull House in Chicago) Won Nobel Peace Prize in 1931- helped found NAACP Susan B. Anthony Progressive (18901920) • • Women’s rights leader from 1851-1906 Seneca Falls Women’s Convention Yasir Arafat Modern (1950spresent) • • Leader of the Palestinian Liberation Organization Negotiated peace with the Clinton administration Osama bin Laden Modern (1990s2000s) • • Leader of Al-Qaeda- responsible for 9/11 terrorist attacks Killed in 2011 John C. Calhoun 1820s and 1830s • Resigned as Vice President under Jackson due to nullification issue Andrew Carnegie Progressive (18901920) • • Built Carnegie Steel Company Believed in Social Darwinism- robber baron/ philanthropist Fidel Castro Modern (1950spresent) • • Leader of Communist Cuba from 1951-2008 Cuban Missile Crisis; allied with the Soviet Union Cesar Chavez Modern (1960spresent) • Latino leader of California farm workers- formed UFW IMPORTANT PEOPLE PERSON ERA KNOWN FOR Dorothea Dix Progressive (18901920) • Reformer who revolutionized mental health reform Frederick Douglass 1800s • Former slave and abolitionist involved in the Underground Railroad W.E.B. Du Bois 1800s • • African American civil rights leader Founder of the NAACP “Duke” Ellington 1920s • • Songwriter, band leader, and figure of Harlem Renaissance Songs include “Take the A Train” and “Mood Indigo” F. Scott Fitzgerald 1920s • • Novelist whose works reflect the “Roaring Twenties” The Great Gasby Henry Ford Progressive (18901920s) • • Industrialist who headed the Ford Motor Company Assembly line- mass-produced automobiles Benjamin Franklin 1770s • • Served on Declaration of Independence committee Helped negotiate the end of American Revolution Betty Friedan Modern (1960spresent) • • Women’s rights activist- wrote The Feminine Mystique Helped found NOW and National Women’s Political Caucus IMPORTANT PEOPLE PERSON ERA KNOWN FOR Samuel Gompers Industrial (1800s) • • Founded the American Federation of Labor (craft union) “Bread and Butter” unionism Al Gore Modern (1990present) • • Vice President from 1993-2001- lost presidential election 2000 Nobel Peace Prize for work on Global Warming Alexander Hamilton Colonial (1700s) • • Wrote The Federalist Papers supporting ratifying Constitution First Secretary of Treasury (supported a National Bank) Langston Hughes 1920s • • Leading figure of the Harlem Renaissance Poet, playwright, and novelist- wrote about African Americans Saddam Hussein Modern (19902000s) • • Iraqi dictator who invaded Kuwait causing Persian Gulf War Hanged in 2006 for crimes against humanity Martin Luther King, Jr. 1950s and 1960s • • Civil rights leader who used non-violence/ civil disobedience Montgomery bus boycott, I Have A Dream; assassinated Lewis and Clark Early 1800s • Explorers sent out to search the lands of Louisiana Purchase Douglas MacArthur 1940s and 1950s • • Led troops during WWII Relieved of command after arguing with Truman over Korea IMPORTANT PEOPLE PERSON ERA KNOWN FOR Malcolm X 1950s and 1960s • • Leader of the 1960s Black Power movement; opposite of MLK Assassinated in 1965 Joseph McCarthy 1940s and 1950s • • Led a campaign to root out suspected Communists in America McCarthyism- investigating into private lives of public/entertainment Frank Norris Progressive (1890-1920) • • Wrote The Octopus to expose the unjust railroad industry Muckraker Thomas Paine Colonial (1700s) • Wrote the pamphlet Common Sense to gain support for independence from Great Britain Rosa Parks 1950s and 1960s • • Civil Rights leader who refused to give up her bus seat Sparked the Montgomery bus boycott and launched movement Jacob Riis Progressive (1890-1920) • • Book How the Other Half Lives exposed tenement housing Muckraker John D. Rockefeller Progressive (1890-1920) • • Founder of the Standard Oil Company (monopoly) Robber baron/ philanthropist Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 1950s • Convicted and executed for treason during the McCarthy Era IMPORTANT PEOPLE PERSON ERA KNOWN FOR Sacco and Vanzetti 1920s • • Italian immigrant/anarchists charged with robbery and murder Anti-radical, anti-immigrant feelings led to their execution Margaret Sanger Progressive (1890-1920) • • Advocate for birth control and women’s rights Founded Planned Parenthood (very controversial at the time) Upton Sinclair Progressive (1890-1920) • • Wrote The Jungle exposing the meat packing industry Muckraker John Steinbeck 1930s • • Wrote novels dealing with the problems of Great Depression The Grapes of Wrath dealt with the Dust Bowl Harriet Beecher Stowe 1850s • Abolitionist whose book Uncle Tom’s Cabin focused on slavery and contributed to the start of the Civil War Booker T. Washington Progressive (1890-1920) • • African American leader Founded the Tuskegee Institute- vocational training John Peter Zenger Colonial • • German immigrant, printer and journalist Tried for criminal libel- found not guilty- freedom of the press GEOGRAPHY FEATURE Louisiana Purchase HISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCES Purchased from France by Thomas Jefferson for 15 million dollars Part of Manifest Destiny • • • Doubled size of U.S. Gained control of Mississippi New territories in the Plains • Connected the Atlantic Ocean (at NYC) through the Great Lakes into the interior of the U.S. • • Lowered shipping costs New York became major port • Acquired as part of Mexican Cession (Mexican War) Part of Manifest Destiny • • Completed Manifest Destiny Discovery of gold Acquired in 1903 with a treaty with Panama Wanted to build a canal across the piece of land connecting North and South America • Able to move ships from Atlantic to Pacific easily Canal was returned to Panama in 1999 Two explorers were sent out to observe the lands acquired in the Louisiana Purchase and to find a water route to the Pacific • • • Erie Canal California 1840s • Panama Canal Lewis & Clark Expedition IMPORTANCE TO U.S. • • • • Their data and maps were contributed to the nation’s expansion GEOGRAPHY FEATURE Interstate Highway System HISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCES Widespread use of the automobile and the growth of suburbs led to a need for highways Eisenhower passed Federal Highway Act of 1956 • U.S. wanted control of the Western Hemisphere Warned foreign powers to stay out of Latin America • The newly acquired lands of the West needed to be settled Offered 160 acres to anyone wanting to settle in the West • Help to expand the United States and de-crowd cities of the East • • U.S. policy of imperialism • The Spanish-American War- Spain gave U.S. • the Philippines for $20 million • U.S. seen as a major world power Policy of imperialism increases Port in Southeast Asia • • Growth of industry Need to connect the North to the South to the East and West United States was connected across the country Made industry much easier • • Monroe Doctrine • • Homestead Act • • Acquisition of Philippines Transcontinental Railroad IMPORTANCE TO THE U.S. • • • • 44,000 mile network of interstate highways created in the U.S. Cities were better connected to the suburbs and transportation was made easier Used to support the Mexican War Showed U.S. policy of isolationism was over REFORM MOVEMENTS MOVEMENT AFRICAN AMERICANS ABOLITIONIST ASIAN AMERICANS LATINOS PROBLEM • • • Unfair treatment (before and after slavery) Discrimination Segregation • • Unfair treatment of blacks Fight to end slavery • • • • • • NATIVE AMERICANS ACTIONS • • • • • Civil Rights Movement (DuBois, Washington, MLK, Malcolm X, Parks) Brown v. Board of Education Montgomery Bus Boycott • Associated with the underground railroad Douglass, Tubman, Truth Immigration laws preventing Asian immigration into the U.S. Japanese Internment Camps WWII • Korematsu v. United States Illegal immigration laws preventing immigration from Mexico Working discrimination (low wages/ poor conditions) • • Cesar Chavez United Farm Workers- better wages Indian Removal Act (Jackson) Dawes Act (Americanization) Reservations • Creation of the American Indian Movement to make decisions REFORM MOVEMENTS MOVEMENT PROBLEMS WOMEN • • • Didn’t have the right to vote Work discrimination Stereotypes • • • • Seneca Falls Convention (Stanton, Anthony) 19th Amendment Title IX Equal Rights Amendment? PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES • • • Excluded from everyday life No education rights No workplace rights • • • Dorothea Dix Education for All Handicapped Child Act Americans with Disabilities Act 1990 PROGRESSIVE • • • Corruption in government Unsanitary conditions Crowded tenements • • Sinclair, Riis, Tarbell, and Norris Muckrakers exposed the truths • • • • Too many people were abusing alcohol Religious fundamentalism 18th Amendment Repealed by the 21st- no one followed the law • • • Poor working conditions Long hours Little pay • Creation of unions (AFL and Knights of Labor) Strikes for betting conditions TEMPERANCE LABOR ACTIONS • TECHNOLOGY INVENTION POSITIVE/ NEGATIVE EFFECTS Cotton Gin • • • Eli Whitney Made picking cotton more efficient (faster/ cheaper/ easier) Promoted cotton industry in the South Steam Engines • • Steamships and steam power helped American industry Could run factories and ships by the power of steam Assembly Line • • Henry Ford- Model T Cars Uniform products made quicker and sold for less= more sales • Controversial due to the storage of nuclear waste Automobile • • Henry Ford’s Model T Transportation Revolution- creation of the suburbs and new freedom Television • • Connection to the world (news) Idolizing movie stars Computer • • Communication Revolution Internet Nuclear Power INDUSTRIALIZATION CHARACTERISTIC POSITIVE/ NEGATIVE EFFECTS Government Corruption • • • • William “Boss” Tweed Bribes for government decisions Political machines control government decisions Negatively impacts workers and conditions Exploitation of Workers • • • • Long working hours Little pay Poor conditions (working and living) Leads to the establishment of unions Overcrowding • • • Tenements are stuffed with families Unsanitary and unsafe Too many workers in one place Monopolies/ Trusts • • • • When one company controls an entire industry- can regulate prices Example: Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Unfair business practices Unfair conditions for workers Unsafe consumer goods • • • • Rats/ feces in meat Unregulated goods Need for the government to step in Muckrakers INDUSTRIALIZATION CHARACTERISTIC POSITIVE/ NEGATICE EFFECTS Destruction of natural environment • • • To build cities- natural environment had to be spared Loss of trees and beauty Attempts at conservation (T. Roosevelt) Increased immigration • • • • 1800s marked a time of increased immigration New laws limiting immigrants from certain area (S+E Europe, Asia) Nativism Increased discrimination New inventions • • • • Subways, trains, street cars – better transportation Elevators – rise of skyscrapers Gas and electric lights New water and sewage systems- improved quality of life Labor Unions • • • • American Federation of Labor and Knights of Labor Fought for better wages and shorter work week “Bread and butter” unionism Opposed by big business- yellow dog contracts and black lists Urbanization • • • • Movement of people to cities Crowded tenements Pollution Job opportunities MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE MIGRATION HISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCES IMPACT Colonial 1600s-1700s • • • • Wanted religious/ political freedoms Job opportunities Adventure to new lands Settle on the East Coast • • • Settlement of the United States Under mercantile policy Desire for independence Westward Expansion 1800s • • • Manifest Destiny Louisiana Purchase Lewis and Clark Expedition • • Conflict with the Native Americans, Mexico, France New lands and resources (gold) Rural to Urban 1870-1920s • • • Industrialization led to urbanization Job opportunities Escape isolation • • • Pollution Crowded tenements Poor conditions European Immigration 1880-1910 • • Immigrants came over for industrial jobs Settled on the East coast • • Increased nativism Quota Acts- limiting immigration from certain areas Dust Bowl 1930s • Extreme drought and overuse of the land left • the Great Plains in ruins • People head out to California in search of Gold The Grapes of Wrath MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE MIGRATION HISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCES IMPACT Suburbanization 1950s-1960s • • Illegal immigration 1990- present • As cities grew- people needed more space Invention of automobile and creation of highway led to houses being built outside of the city • Mostly people from Mexico crossing over the border to find jobs in the U.S. • • • • Trail of Tears • • • African Americans to North 1860s • • Forced migration of Native Americans to reservations west of the Mississippi River Indian Removal Policy Worcester v. Georgia • After the Civil War, Africans wanted to escape the memories of slavery Looked to the North for job opportunities and decreased discrimination • • • • More people lived outside of the city and commuted to work Less crowded cities Housing boom- new lifestyle New laws trying to limit/ catch illegal immigrants Debate over whether a wall should be built at the border Cherokee and Seminole Indians were forced to move from their homes Government had control over Native Americans Known as the Great Migration Found job opportunities Still faced discrimination in the North FOREIGN POLICY ACTION HISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCES Washington’s Neutrality • • Roosevelt Corollary • • Wilson’s Fourteen Points • • SUCCESS/ FAILURE The United States was a newly formed country- weren’t strong enough yet Washington wanted no entangling alliances • Success for a short while Extension of the Monroe Dontrine- wanted to keep foreign influence out of Latin America U.S. acts as “international police power” • Success- associated with “Big Stick” Policy After WWI,Wilson wanted to establish peace to ensure no other world war All about “self-determination” • Failure- Congress does not allow U.S. to join League of Nations WWII begins within 20 years • Lend-Lease Act • • U.S. was in its foreign policy of isolationism This act allowed the U.S. to sell or lend war materials to any country whose defense was vital to the defense of the U.S. • Failure- helped to bring the U.S. into WWII Marshall Plan • • Policy of containment during Cold War Gave aid to Western Europe to rebuild • Success Blockade of Cuba • • Policy of containment during Cold War Trade embargo with Cuba • Success FOREIGN POLICY ACTION HISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCES SALT agreements • • Cold War policy of détente Nixon wanted to decrease tensions with USSR • Somewhat successful Persian Gulf War • • Fought because Iraq invade Kuwait Kuwait was the home of important U.S. oil fields • Operation Desert Storm – ended in a cease fire and Iraq accepting all of the UN’s demands Korean War • Cold War conflict- North Korea was communist, US helps South • • Ends in a cease-fire, Korea is still divided today with North Korea being communist Vietnam War • Cold War conflict- North Vietnam (Ho Chi Minh) was communist, US helps South • • • Unpopular war in the U.S. Failure for US- Vietnam all communist Leads to 26th amendment Cold War • No direct conflict between the US and USSR Surrogate wars (Korea, Vietnam, Cuba) • • Success for the U.S. Soviet Union becomes Russia (non communist in 1990s) Peace agreement between Israel and Egypt under the leadership of Jimmy Carter • Successful at first, but peace still does not exist in the Middle East • Camp David Accords • SUCCESS/ FAILURE TURNING POINTS EVENT HISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCES IMPACT Declaration of • Independence 1776 • The colonies wanted to be free from British mercantile policies Thomas Paine’s Common Sense promoted independence • End of Reconstruction 1877 After the Civil War, the South needed to be restructured and restored New amendments were added (13, 14, 15) Southern states had to be readmitted • The United States was industrializing at a rapid rate There was a need to produce things at a uniform, fast pace and to sell for cheap prices • The United States was under a policy of neutrality and wanted to stay out of the European WWI Zimmerman note, sinking of Lusitania, and German U-Boats • • • • • Ford’s Assembly Line 1913 • • U.S. entry into WWI 1917 • • • • • • Leads to the fighting of the American Revolution After which the United States becomes a free country The United States becomes united again African Americans continued to face discrimination in the South The Great Migration Ford’s assembly line changed the way that industry works Was able to make Model T cars that his workers could afford The US helps the Allies win the war US is a major world power and helps to outline the Treaty of Versailles TURNING POINTS EVENT HISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCES IMPACT Brown v. Board of Education 1954 • • Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 1964 • • Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) stated that • segregation was legal as long as separate but equal Little Brown girl wanted to go to the • closer white school but was denied Ruled that segregation was illegal (overturned Plessy v. Ferguson) based on 14th amendment rights Forced integration of schools (Little Rock) Empowered the President as commander in chief, to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the US to prevent further aggression Used during the Vietnam war (Johnson) • Gave the president increased powers in terms of the war in Vietnam Made the war even more unpopular in the U.S. • Fall of the Berlin Wall 1989 • The Berlin Wall separated noncommunist West Berlin (Germany) from communist East Berlin • • Symbolized the end of the Cold War Soviet Union became Russia again 9/11 attacks 2001 • Terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon • Troops sent to Afghanistan to fight the Taliban and al-Qaeda (Osama bin Laden) War on Terrorism •