Download U.S. Regents review - Camden Central School District

U.S. REGENTS
REVIEW
Thematic Review
PRESIDENTS
PRESIDENT
George
Washington
Thomas Jefferson
Andrew Jackson
Abraham Lincoln
Andrew Johnson
YEARS IN
OFFICE
KNOWN FOR:
1789-1797
• Set precedents such as a cabinet and two terms
• Put down the Whiskey Rebellion (federal power)
• Foreign policy of neutrality (no entangling alliances)
1801-1809
• Author of the Declaration of Independence
• Opposed Federalists (limited, decentralized government)
• Negotiated the Louisiana Purchase from France
1829-1837
• Opposed Calhoun and nullification of 1828 tariff
• Native American Removal Policy
• “Spoils system”- gave jobs to supporters
1861-1869
• Used war powers to preserve the Union in Civil War
• Emancipation Proclamation & Gettysburg Address
• Assassinated before he could act on Reconstruction
1865-1869
• Impeached by the House over reconstruction policies
• 13th and 14th Amendments
PRESIDENTS
PRESIDENT
Theodore
Roosevelt
William H. Taft
Woodrow
Wilson
Herbert Hoover
Franklin D.
Roosevelt
YEARS IN
OFFICE
KNOWN FOR:
1901-1909
• Square Deal programs (conservation, reforms, trust-bust)
• Roosevelt Corollary- expand influence in Latin America
• Foreign Policy- increase influence in Asia and Caribbean
1909-1913
• Dollar Diplomacy- military support to Latin America
• Continued Progressive Era policies
• Did not continue with conservation- split the party
1913-1921
• New Freedom program
• Anti-trust legislation and lowering of tariffs
• WWI; supported Treaty of Versailles & League of Nations
1929-1933
• Great Depression; opposed direct relief
• “Rugged individualism”
• Used federal troops vs. WWI veterans’ Bonus Army
1933-1945
•
•
•
•
New Deal (Relief Recovery Reform)- federal power
Court-packing Controversy
Japanese-American internment during WWII
Only president to serve more than 2 terms
PRESIDENTS
PRESIDENT
Harry S. Truman
Dwight D.
Eisenhower
John F. Kennedy
Lyndon B.
Johnson
YEARS IN
OFFICE
1945-1953
1953-1961
1961-1963
1963-1969
KNOWN FOR:
•
•
•
•
•
Dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima & Nagasaki WWII
Policy of containment during the Cold War
Supported the Marshall Plan and Truman Doctrine
Fair Deal (continuum of New Deal)
Entered Korean War
• Issued the Eisenhower Doctrine
• Sent troops to Little Rock, Arkansas- integration
• Alaska and Hawaii become 49th and 50th states
•
•
•
•
New Frontier Program (containment)
Created the Peace Corps
Ended the Cuban Missile Crisis; but failed Bay of Pigs
Assassinated in 1963
• Great Society Program (antipoverty and civil rights)
• Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (expand Vietnam war)
• President during the bulk of Civil Rights Movement
PRESIDENT
PRESIDENT
Richard M.
Nixon
Jimmy Carter
Ronald Reagan
YEARS IN
OFFICE
1969-1974
KNOWN FOR:
• Vietnamization policy of increased bombings; cease-fire
• Détente – relaxed tensions with the Soviet Union and
China
• Watergate Scandal led to resignation
1977-1981
• Supported human rights and Panama Canal treaties
• Camp David Accords- attempt at peace in Middle East
• Iranian Hostage Crisis
1981-1989
• Supply-side economics – gov’t works vs. individual initiative
• Wanted to keep communism out of Latin America
• Iran-Contra Scandal weakened popularity
George W. Bush 2001-2009
•
•
•
•
Close election vs. Gore (ballot recount in Florida)
No Child Left Behind & Dept. of Homeland Security
9/11 attacks- sent troops to Afghanistan
Sent troops to Iraq (WMDs)
AMENDMENTS
AMENDMENT
DESCRIPTION
1st Amendment
• Freedom of religion, speech, and press
• Right to peacefully assemble and to petition the government
• Right to posses fire arms
2nd Amendment
• Government may not require people to house soldiers during peacetime
3rd Amendment
• Protects people from unreasonable search and seizures
4th Amendment
5th Amendment
• Protection against self-incrimination and double jeopardy
• Guarantees due process of law
6th Amendment
• Guarantees the right to a speedy, public trial
• Right to confront witnesses and to legal counsel
• Guarantees the right to trial by jury in most civil cases
7th Amendment
AMENDMENTS
AMENDMENT
DESCRIPTION
8th Amendment
• Prohibits excessive balls and fines
• Bans “cruel and unusual punishments
• Rights not mentioned in the Constitution belong to the people
9th Amendment
10th Amendment
• Powers not given to the national government belong to the states or the
people
11th Amendment
• Grants state immunity from certain law suits
12th Amendment
• Separates voting for President and Vice President
13th Amendment
• Abolishes slavery
• Reconstruction amendment
14th Amendment
• Defines citizenship
• Prohibits states from denying people due process and equal protection
under the law
• Reconstruction amendment
AMENDMENTS
AMENDMENT DESCRIPTION
• Grants voting rights to African American men
15th Amendment
• Gives Congress power to tax incomes
16th Amendment
17th Amendment
• Requires election of U.S. Senators by people of a state, not the state
legislature
18th Amendment
• Prohibits manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages
• Prohibition (temperance movement)
• Grants voting rights to women
19th Amendment
20th Amendment
• Shortens the amount of time between election of a president and of
Congress to start of term in office
• Repeals the Eighteenth Amendment
21st Amendment
AMENDMENTS
AMENDMENT
DESCRIPTION
• Limits president to two terms
22nd Amendment
23rd Amendment
• Grants electoral votes and right to vote in presidential elections to the
District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.)
24th Amendment
• Abolishes poll taxes as a qualification for voting in federal elections
• 24 for the poor!
25th Amendment
• Sets procedure for determining presidential disability and succession and
for filling a vice-presidential vacancy
26th Amendment
• Lowers the voting age to 18
• Due to the Vietnam War
• Bans mid-term congressional pay raises
27th Amendment
SUPREME COURT CASES
COURT CASE
CONSTITUTIONAL
PRINCIPLES
Marbury v. Madison
(1803)
•
•
Separation of Powers
Checks and Balances
OUTCOME/ IMPORTANCE
•
•
Established judicial review- the right to determine
the constitutionality of laws
Strengthened the power of the Supreme Court
McCullough v.
Maryland (1819)
•
•
Federalism
Necessary and Proper
Clause
•
•
No state could tax a federally chartered bank
Established the principle of national supremacyConstitution and fed. Law overrule state laws
Gibbons v. Ogden
(1824)
•
•
Federalism
Interstate commerce
•
States may regulate only what is solely intrastate
trade (within their state)
Federal government regulates interstate trade
•
Worchester v.
Georgia (1832)
•
•
Dred Scott v. Sanford •
(1857)
Federalism
Rights of Ethnic/ Racial
Groups
•
Civil Liberties
•
•
•
Plessy v. Ferguson
(1896)
•
•
Rights of Ethnic/ Racial
Groups
Equal Protection (14th)
•
•
Federal government has the jurisdiction over
Native American nations
Defied by Jackson- led to Indian Removal Act
Ruled that African Americans were not citizens- but
were property of their owners
Made the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional
Upheld Louisiana law providing for separate but
equal accommodations for blacks and whites
Made segregation legal
SUPREME COURT CASES
COURT CASE
CONSTITUTIONAL
PRINCIPLE
OUTCOME/ IMPORTANCE
Schenck v. United
States (1919)
•
Civil Liberties- limited
during wartime
•
•
Limits on free speech; right is not absolute
Defendant’s actions (war flyers) posed a clear and
present danger to the security of U.S. during war
Korematsu v. United •
States (1944)
•
Civil Liberties
Equal Protection (14th)
•
Upheld the power of the President to limit civil
liberties during war
Japanese Internment Camps were legal
•
Brown v. Board of
Education of Topeka
Kansas (1954)
•
•
Equal Protection(14th)
Federalism
•
•
Mapp v. Ohio (1961) •
•
Criminal Procedures
4th & 14th Amendments
•
•
Court overturns Plessy v. Ferguson separate but
equal doctrine
Ruled segregation illegal (violates 14th Amendment)
4th&14th Amendments protect against illegal
searches
Exclusionary rule- evidence found without a
warrant can’t be used in couty
Engel v.Vitale (1962) •
•
Civil Liberties
1st & 14th Amendments
•
Reciting prayer in school violated 1st & 14th
Amendments
Gideon v.
Wainwright (1963)
Criminal Procedures
6th & 14th Amendments
•
6th and 14th Amendments require that states provide
a lawyer to those who cannot afford one
•
•
SUPREME COURT
COURT CASE
CONSTITUTIONAL
PRINCIPLES
Miranda v. Arizona
(1966)
•
•
Criminal Procedures
5th & 14th Amendments
OUTCOME/ IMPORTANCE
•
•
Tinker v. Des Moines
(1969)
•
•
1st Amendment
Students’ Rights/ Safe
Schools
•
•
Established requirement prior to questioning to inform
those accused of crimes that they have certain rights
Evidence obtained without this warning apply to the
exclusionary rule
Neither students nor teachers shed their rights at the
school gate (arm bands)
Symbolic, silent expression of opinion is protected
under 1st Amendment
New York Times Co.
v. United States
(1971)
Roe v. Wade (1973)
•
•
1st Amendment
National Power
•
Upheld 1st Amendment- freedom of press (Pentagon
Papers)
•
Rights of Women/ Privacy
•
State laws making abortions illegal were
unconstitutional (with certain limits)
New Jersey v. T.L.O.
•
•
4th Amendment
Students’ Rights/ Safe
Schools
•
Schools must have reasonable grounds to search
students’ possessions
Vernonia School
District v. Acton
•
•
4th Amendment
Students’ Rights/ Safe
Schools
•
Drug-testing student athletes does not violate the 4th
or 14th Amendment
IMPORTANT PEOPLE
PERSON
ERA
KNOWN FOR
Jane Addams
Progressive (18901920)
•
•
Social settlement house movement (Hull House in Chicago)
Won Nobel Peace Prize in 1931- helped found NAACP
Susan B. Anthony
Progressive (18901920)
•
•
Women’s rights leader from 1851-1906
Seneca Falls Women’s Convention
Yasir Arafat
Modern (1950spresent)
•
•
Leader of the Palestinian Liberation Organization
Negotiated peace with the Clinton administration
Osama bin Laden
Modern (1990s2000s)
•
•
Leader of Al-Qaeda- responsible for 9/11 terrorist attacks
Killed in 2011
John C. Calhoun
1820s and 1830s
•
Resigned as Vice President under Jackson due to nullification
issue
Andrew Carnegie
Progressive (18901920)
•
•
Built Carnegie Steel Company
Believed in Social Darwinism- robber baron/ philanthropist
Fidel Castro
Modern (1950spresent)
•
•
Leader of Communist Cuba from 1951-2008
Cuban Missile Crisis; allied with the Soviet Union
Cesar Chavez
Modern (1960spresent)
•
Latino leader of California farm workers- formed UFW
IMPORTANT PEOPLE
PERSON
ERA
KNOWN FOR
Dorothea Dix
Progressive (18901920)
•
Reformer who revolutionized mental health reform
Frederick
Douglass
1800s
•
Former slave and abolitionist involved in the Underground
Railroad
W.E.B. Du Bois
1800s
•
•
African American civil rights leader
Founder of the NAACP
“Duke” Ellington
1920s
•
•
Songwriter, band leader, and figure of Harlem Renaissance
Songs include “Take the A Train” and “Mood Indigo”
F. Scott Fitzgerald
1920s
•
•
Novelist whose works reflect the “Roaring Twenties”
The Great Gasby
Henry Ford
Progressive (18901920s)
•
•
Industrialist who headed the Ford Motor Company
Assembly line- mass-produced automobiles
Benjamin Franklin
1770s
•
•
Served on Declaration of Independence committee
Helped negotiate the end of American Revolution
Betty Friedan
Modern (1960spresent)
•
•
Women’s rights activist- wrote The Feminine Mystique
Helped found NOW and National Women’s Political Caucus
IMPORTANT PEOPLE
PERSON
ERA
KNOWN FOR
Samuel Gompers
Industrial (1800s)
•
•
Founded the American Federation of Labor (craft union)
“Bread and Butter” unionism
Al Gore
Modern (1990present)
•
•
Vice President from 1993-2001- lost presidential election 2000
Nobel Peace Prize for work on Global Warming
Alexander
Hamilton
Colonial (1700s)
•
•
Wrote The Federalist Papers supporting ratifying Constitution
First Secretary of Treasury (supported a National Bank)
Langston Hughes
1920s
•
•
Leading figure of the Harlem Renaissance
Poet, playwright, and novelist- wrote about African Americans
Saddam Hussein
Modern (19902000s)
•
•
Iraqi dictator who invaded Kuwait causing Persian Gulf War
Hanged in 2006 for crimes against humanity
Martin Luther
King, Jr.
1950s and 1960s
•
•
Civil rights leader who used non-violence/ civil disobedience
Montgomery bus boycott, I Have A Dream; assassinated
Lewis and Clark
Early 1800s
•
Explorers sent out to search the lands of Louisiana Purchase
Douglas
MacArthur
1940s and 1950s
•
•
Led troops during WWII
Relieved of command after arguing with Truman over Korea
IMPORTANT PEOPLE
PERSON
ERA
KNOWN FOR
Malcolm X
1950s and
1960s
•
•
Leader of the 1960s Black Power movement; opposite of MLK
Assassinated in 1965
Joseph McCarthy
1940s and
1950s
•
•
Led a campaign to root out suspected Communists in America
McCarthyism- investigating into private lives of public/entertainment
Frank Norris
Progressive
(1890-1920)
•
•
Wrote The Octopus to expose the unjust railroad industry
Muckraker
Thomas Paine
Colonial
(1700s)
•
Wrote the pamphlet Common Sense to gain support for
independence from Great Britain
Rosa Parks
1950s and
1960s
•
•
Civil Rights leader who refused to give up her bus seat
Sparked the Montgomery bus boycott and launched movement
Jacob Riis
Progressive
(1890-1920)
•
•
Book How the Other Half Lives exposed tenement housing
Muckraker
John D.
Rockefeller
Progressive
(1890-1920)
•
•
Founder of the Standard Oil Company (monopoly)
Robber baron/ philanthropist
Julius and Ethel
Rosenberg
1950s
•
Convicted and executed for treason during the McCarthy Era
IMPORTANT PEOPLE
PERSON
ERA
KNOWN FOR
Sacco and
Vanzetti
1920s
•
•
Italian immigrant/anarchists charged with robbery and murder
Anti-radical, anti-immigrant feelings led to their execution
Margaret Sanger
Progressive
(1890-1920)
•
•
Advocate for birth control and women’s rights
Founded Planned Parenthood (very controversial at the time)
Upton Sinclair
Progressive
(1890-1920)
•
•
Wrote The Jungle exposing the meat packing industry
Muckraker
John Steinbeck
1930s
•
•
Wrote novels dealing with the problems of Great Depression
The Grapes of Wrath dealt with the Dust Bowl
Harriet Beecher
Stowe
1850s
•
Abolitionist whose book Uncle Tom’s Cabin focused on slavery and
contributed to the start of the Civil War
Booker T.
Washington
Progressive
(1890-1920)
•
•
African American leader
Founded the Tuskegee Institute- vocational training
John Peter
Zenger
Colonial
•
•
German immigrant, printer and journalist
Tried for criminal libel- found not guilty- freedom of the press
GEOGRAPHY
FEATURE
Louisiana Purchase
HISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCES
Purchased from France by Thomas Jefferson
for 15 million dollars
Part of Manifest Destiny
•
•
•
Doubled size of U.S.
Gained control of Mississippi
New territories in the Plains
•
Connected the Atlantic Ocean (at NYC)
through the Great Lakes into the interior of
the U.S.
•
•
Lowered shipping costs
New York became major port
•
Acquired as part of Mexican Cession
(Mexican War)
Part of Manifest Destiny
•
•
Completed Manifest Destiny
Discovery of gold
Acquired in 1903 with a treaty with Panama
Wanted to build a canal across the piece of
land connecting North and South America
•
Able to move ships from
Atlantic to Pacific easily
Canal was returned to Panama
in 1999
Two explorers were sent out to observe the
lands acquired in the Louisiana Purchase and
to find a water route to the Pacific
•
•
•
Erie Canal
California 1840s
•
Panama Canal
Lewis & Clark
Expedition
IMPORTANCE TO U.S.
•
•
•
•
Their data and maps were
contributed to the nation’s
expansion
GEOGRAPHY
FEATURE
Interstate Highway
System
HISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCES
Widespread use of the automobile and the
growth of suburbs led to a need for
highways
Eisenhower passed Federal Highway Act of
1956
•
U.S. wanted control of the Western
Hemisphere
Warned foreign powers to stay out of
Latin America
•
The newly acquired lands of the West
needed to be settled
Offered 160 acres to anyone wanting to
settle in the West
•
Help to expand the United States
and de-crowd cities of the East
•
•
U.S. policy of imperialism
•
The Spanish-American War- Spain gave U.S. •
the Philippines for $20 million
•
U.S. seen as a major world power
Policy of imperialism increases
Port in Southeast Asia
•
•
Growth of industry
Need to connect the North to the South
to the East and West
United States was connected
across the country
Made industry much easier
•
•
Monroe Doctrine
•
•
Homestead Act
•
•
Acquisition of
Philippines
Transcontinental
Railroad
IMPORTANCE TO THE U.S.
•
•
•
•
44,000 mile network of interstate
highways created in the U.S.
Cities were better connected to
the suburbs and transportation
was made easier
Used to support the Mexican
War
Showed U.S. policy of isolationism
was over
REFORM MOVEMENTS
MOVEMENT
AFRICAN
AMERICANS
ABOLITIONIST
ASIAN
AMERICANS
LATINOS
PROBLEM
•
•
•
Unfair treatment (before and after
slavery)
Discrimination
Segregation
•
•
Unfair treatment of blacks
Fight to end slavery
•
•
•
•
•
•
NATIVE
AMERICANS
ACTIONS
•
•
•
•
•
Civil Rights Movement (DuBois,
Washington, MLK, Malcolm X, Parks)
Brown v. Board of Education
Montgomery Bus Boycott
•
Associated with the underground
railroad
Douglass, Tubman, Truth
Immigration laws preventing Asian
immigration into the U.S.
Japanese Internment Camps WWII
•
Korematsu v. United States
Illegal immigration laws preventing
immigration from Mexico
Working discrimination (low wages/
poor conditions)
•
•
Cesar Chavez
United Farm Workers- better wages
Indian Removal Act (Jackson)
Dawes Act (Americanization)
Reservations
•
Creation of the American Indian
Movement to make decisions
REFORM MOVEMENTS
MOVEMENT
PROBLEMS
WOMEN
•
•
•
Didn’t have the right to vote
Work discrimination
Stereotypes
•
•
•
•
Seneca Falls Convention (Stanton,
Anthony)
19th Amendment
Title IX
Equal Rights Amendment?
PEOPLE WITH
DISABILITIES
•
•
•
Excluded from everyday life
No education rights
No workplace rights
•
•
•
Dorothea Dix
Education for All Handicapped Child Act
Americans with Disabilities Act 1990
PROGRESSIVE
•
•
•
Corruption in government
Unsanitary conditions
Crowded tenements
•
•
Sinclair, Riis, Tarbell, and Norris
Muckrakers exposed the truths
•
•
•
•
Too many people were abusing
alcohol
Religious fundamentalism
18th Amendment
Repealed by the 21st- no one followed
the law
•
•
•
Poor working conditions
Long hours
Little pay
•
Creation of unions (AFL and Knights of
Labor)
Strikes for betting conditions
TEMPERANCE
LABOR
ACTIONS
•
TECHNOLOGY
INVENTION
POSITIVE/ NEGATIVE EFFECTS
Cotton Gin
•
•
•
Eli Whitney
Made picking cotton more efficient (faster/ cheaper/ easier)
Promoted cotton industry in the South
Steam Engines
•
•
Steamships and steam power helped American industry
Could run factories and ships by the power of steam
Assembly Line
•
•
Henry Ford- Model T Cars
Uniform products made quicker and sold for less= more sales
•
Controversial due to the storage of nuclear waste
Automobile
•
•
Henry Ford’s Model T
Transportation Revolution- creation of the suburbs and new freedom
Television
•
•
Connection to the world (news)
Idolizing movie stars
Computer
•
•
Communication Revolution
Internet
Nuclear Power
INDUSTRIALIZATION
CHARACTERISTIC POSITIVE/ NEGATIVE EFFECTS
Government Corruption
•
•
•
•
William “Boss” Tweed
Bribes for government decisions
Political machines control government decisions
Negatively impacts workers and conditions
Exploitation of Workers
•
•
•
•
Long working hours
Little pay
Poor conditions (working and living)
Leads to the establishment of unions
Overcrowding
•
•
•
Tenements are stuffed with families
Unsanitary and unsafe
Too many workers in one place
Monopolies/ Trusts
•
•
•
•
When one company controls an entire industry- can regulate prices
Example: Rockefeller’s Standard Oil
Unfair business practices
Unfair conditions for workers
Unsafe consumer goods
•
•
•
•
Rats/ feces in meat
Unregulated goods
Need for the government to step in
Muckrakers
INDUSTRIALIZATION
CHARACTERISTIC
POSITIVE/ NEGATICE EFFECTS
Destruction of natural
environment
•
•
•
To build cities- natural environment had to be spared
Loss of trees and beauty
Attempts at conservation (T. Roosevelt)
Increased immigration
•
•
•
•
1800s marked a time of increased immigration
New laws limiting immigrants from certain area (S+E Europe, Asia)
Nativism
Increased discrimination
New inventions
•
•
•
•
Subways, trains, street cars – better transportation
Elevators – rise of skyscrapers
Gas and electric lights
New water and sewage systems- improved quality of life
Labor Unions
•
•
•
•
American Federation of Labor and Knights of Labor
Fought for better wages and shorter work week
“Bread and butter” unionism
Opposed by big business- yellow dog contracts and black lists
Urbanization
•
•
•
•
Movement of people to cities
Crowded tenements
Pollution
Job opportunities
MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE
MIGRATION HISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCES
IMPACT
Colonial
1600s-1700s
•
•
•
•
Wanted religious/ political freedoms
Job opportunities
Adventure to new lands
Settle on the East Coast
•
•
•
Settlement of the United States
Under mercantile policy
Desire for independence
Westward
Expansion 1800s
•
•
•
Manifest Destiny
Louisiana Purchase
Lewis and Clark Expedition
•
•
Conflict with the Native
Americans, Mexico, France
New lands and resources (gold)
Rural to Urban
1870-1920s
•
•
•
Industrialization led to urbanization
Job opportunities
Escape isolation
•
•
•
Pollution
Crowded tenements
Poor conditions
European
Immigration
1880-1910
•
•
Immigrants came over for industrial jobs
Settled on the East coast
•
•
Increased nativism
Quota Acts- limiting immigration
from certain areas
Dust Bowl
1930s
•
Extreme drought and overuse of the land left •
the Great Plains in ruins
•
People head out to California in
search of Gold
The Grapes of Wrath
MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE
MIGRATION
HISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCES IMPACT
Suburbanization
1950s-1960s
•
•
Illegal immigration
1990- present
•
As cities grew- people needed more
space
Invention of automobile and creation of
highway led to houses being built
outside of the city
•
Mostly people from Mexico crossing
over the border to find jobs in the U.S.
•
•
•
•
Trail of Tears
•
•
•
African Americans
to North 1860s
•
•
Forced migration of Native Americans
to reservations west of the Mississippi
River
Indian Removal Policy
Worcester v. Georgia
•
After the Civil War, Africans wanted to
escape the memories of slavery
Looked to the North for job
opportunities and decreased
discrimination
•
•
•
•
More people lived outside of the
city and commuted to work
Less crowded cities
Housing boom- new lifestyle
New laws trying to limit/ catch
illegal immigrants
Debate over whether a wall should
be built at the border
Cherokee and Seminole Indians
were forced to move from their
homes
Government had control over
Native Americans
Known as the Great Migration
Found job opportunities
Still faced discrimination in the
North
FOREIGN POLICY
ACTION
HISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCES
Washington’s
Neutrality
•
•
Roosevelt
Corollary
•
•
Wilson’s
Fourteen Points
•
•
SUCCESS/ FAILURE
The United States was a newly formed
country- weren’t strong enough yet
Washington wanted no entangling alliances
•
Success for a short while
Extension of the Monroe Dontrine- wanted
to keep foreign influence out of Latin
America
U.S. acts as “international police power”
•
Success- associated with “Big
Stick” Policy
After WWI,Wilson wanted to establish
peace to ensure no other world war
All about “self-determination”
•
Failure- Congress does not allow
U.S. to join League of Nations
WWII begins within 20 years
•
Lend-Lease Act
•
•
U.S. was in its foreign policy of isolationism
This act allowed the U.S. to sell or lend war
materials to any country whose defense was
vital to the defense of the U.S.
•
Failure- helped to bring the U.S.
into WWII
Marshall Plan
•
•
Policy of containment during Cold War
Gave aid to Western Europe to rebuild
•
Success
Blockade of Cuba •
•
Policy of containment during Cold War
Trade embargo with Cuba
•
Success
FOREIGN POLICY
ACTION
HISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCES
SALT
agreements
•
•
Cold War policy of détente
Nixon wanted to decrease tensions with
USSR
•
Somewhat successful
Persian Gulf
War
•
•
Fought because Iraq invade Kuwait
Kuwait was the home of important U.S.
oil fields
•
Operation Desert Storm – ended in
a cease fire and Iraq accepting all of
the UN’s demands
Korean War
•
Cold War conflict- North Korea was
communist, US helps South
•
•
Ends in a cease-fire,
Korea is still divided today with
North Korea being communist
Vietnam War
•
Cold War conflict- North Vietnam (Ho
Chi Minh) was communist, US helps
South
•
•
•
Unpopular war in the U.S.
Failure for US- Vietnam all communist
Leads to 26th amendment
Cold War
•
No direct conflict between the US and
USSR
Surrogate wars (Korea, Vietnam, Cuba)
•
•
Success for the U.S.
Soviet Union becomes Russia (non
communist in 1990s)
Peace agreement between Israel and
Egypt under the leadership of Jimmy
Carter
•
Successful at first, but peace still does
not exist in the Middle East
•
Camp David
Accords
•
SUCCESS/ FAILURE
TURNING POINTS
EVENT
HISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCES
IMPACT
Declaration of
•
Independence 1776
•
The colonies wanted to be free from
British mercantile policies
Thomas Paine’s Common Sense promoted
independence
•
End of
Reconstruction
1877
After the Civil War, the South needed to
be restructured and restored
New amendments were added (13, 14,
15)
Southern states had to be readmitted
•
The United States was industrializing at a
rapid rate
There was a need to produce things at a
uniform, fast pace and to sell for cheap
prices
•
The United States was under a policy of
neutrality and wanted to stay out of the
European WWI
Zimmerman note, sinking of Lusitania,
and German U-Boats
•
•
•
•
•
Ford’s Assembly
Line 1913
•
•
U.S. entry into
WWI 1917
•
•
•
•
•
•
Leads to the fighting of the
American Revolution
After which the United States
becomes a free country
The United States becomes united
again
African Americans continued to face
discrimination in the South
The Great Migration
Ford’s assembly line changed the
way that industry works
Was able to make Model T cars that
his workers could afford
The US helps the Allies win the war
US is a major world power and
helps to outline the Treaty of
Versailles
TURNING POINTS
EVENT
HISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCES IMPACT
Brown v. Board of
Education 1954
•
•
Gulf of Tonkin
Resolution 1964
•
•
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) stated that
•
segregation was legal as long as separate
but equal
Little Brown girl wanted to go to the
•
closer white school but was denied
Ruled that segregation was illegal
(overturned Plessy v. Ferguson) based
on 14th amendment rights
Forced integration of schools (Little
Rock)
Empowered the President as
commander in chief, to take all
necessary measures to repel any armed
attack against the forces of the US to
prevent further aggression
Used during the Vietnam war (Johnson)
•
Gave the president increased
powers in terms of the war in
Vietnam
Made the war even more unpopular
in the U.S.
•
Fall of the Berlin
Wall 1989
•
The Berlin Wall separated noncommunist West Berlin (Germany) from
communist East Berlin
•
•
Symbolized the end of the Cold War
Soviet Union became Russia again
9/11 attacks
2001
•
Terrorist attacks on the World Trade
Center and the Pentagon
•
Troops sent to Afghanistan to fight
the Taliban and al-Qaeda (Osama bin
Laden)
War on Terrorism
•