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The Presidents of the United States Major Events that shaped the presidency. Washington, George 1789-97 1789 The Judiciary Act specified the number of Federal courts and judges. 1790 Nickname: "Father of His Country“ Religion: Episcopalian Education: No formal education Occupation: Planter, Soldier Political Party: Federalist $25,000/year (refused by Washington) Supreme Court met for the first time with John Jay as the Chief Justice. 1791 Federal capital established in swamplands on the Potomac. A national banking system established by the Bank Act. The Bill of Rights take effect. Adams, John 1797-1801 1796 E Pluribus Unum: "Out of Many, One"; added to American coins. 1797 2nd President of the United States (March 4, 1797 to March 3, 1801) Nickname: "Atlas of Independence" Religion: Unitarian Education: Graduated from Harvard College (1755) Occupation: Lawyer Political Party: Federalist Three anonymous French trouble makers brought France and the U.S. to the brink of war in what became known as the XYZ Affair. 1798 Federalists support the highly unpopular Alien and Sedition Acts. U.S. capital relocated to Washington, D.C. from Philadelphia. Congress established Library of Congress. Jefferson, Thomas 1801-09 1803 Supreme Court ruled in Marbury v. Madison . Any law passed by Congress can be declared unconstitutional by the courts. 3rd President of the United States (March 4, 1801 to March 3, 1809) Nicknames: "Man of the People"; "Sage of Monticello" Religion: No formal affiliation Education: Graduated from College of William and Mary (1762) Occupation: Lawyer, planter Political Party: DemocraticRepublican The Louisiana Territory was purchased from France for $15 million dollars. 12th Amendment changed Presidential election rules. . Congress outlaws importing slaves #4 Madison, James 1809-17 1812 War declared on England on June 18 after England continued to attack U.S. ships headed to France. 4th President of the United States (March 4, 1809 to March 3, 1817) Nicknames: "Father of the Constitution“ City of Washington captured and burned by British, August 24. Religion: Episcopalian Education: Graduated Princeton University; 1771) Occupation: Lawyer Political Party: DemocraticRepublican Treaty of Ghent ended War of 1812 on December 24, but fighting continued. 1815 Francis Scott Key wrote "The Star-Spangled Banner". #5 Monroe, James 1817-25 5th President of the United States (March 4, 1817 to March 3, 1825) Nicknames: "The Last Cocked Hat"; "Era-of-Good-Feeling President“ Religion: Episcopalian Education: Graduated from College of William and Mary (1776) Occupation: Lawyer Political Party: DemocraticRepublican 1819 Florida ceded by Spain to the United States on February 22. In exchange the U.S. cancelled $5 million in Spanish debts. 1820 The Missouri Compromise, forbade slavery above 36 degrees 30 minutes latitude. Monroe reelected. 1823 On December 2, Monroe Doctrine delivered to Congress. #6 Adams, John Quincy 1825-29 Erie Canal completed. 1828 6th President of the United States (March 4, 1825 to March 3, 1829) Nickname: "Old Man Eloquent" Religion: Unitarian Education: Graduated from Harvard College (1787) Occupation: Lawyer Political Party: Democratic-Republican Baltimore & Ohio railroad, the first designed for passengers and freight. #7 Jackson, Andrew 1829-37 About 2,000 of Jackson's supporters given government jobs. Jackson also set up a "kitchen cabinet" of informal advisers. Jackson reelected. 7th President of the United States (March 4, 1829 to March 3, 1837) Nickname: "Old Hickory" Jackson vetoed the rechartering of 2nd Bank leading to the creation of the Whig Party. South Carolina attempted to nullify federal tariff laws. Federal troops sent to South Carolina Religion: Presbyterian Education: No formal education Occupation: Lawyer, soldier Political Party: Democratic U.S. became debt free (briefly) for the only time in history. 1836 6000 Mexicans defeated 190 Americans in 12 days at the Alamo on March 6. #8 Van Buren, Martin 1837-41 1837 Banks closed in Philadelphia and New York City on May 10. This was the beginning of the Panic of 1837. The depression that followed would last throughout Van Buren's term. 8th President of the United States (March 4, 1837 to March 3, 1841) Nicknames: "The Little Magician"; "The Red Fox of Kinderhook“ Religion: Dutch Reformed Education: Graduated from Kinderhook Academy (1796) Occupation: Lawyer Political Party: Democratic 1838 Trail of Tears. Thousands of Indians forced from their homes and die. Harrison, William Henry 1841 1841 9th President of the United States (March 4, 1841 to April 4, 1841) Nicknames: "Old Tippecanoe"; "Old Tip" Religion: Episcopalian Education: Attended Hampden-Sydney College Occupation: Soldier Political Party: Whig Delivered the longest inaugural address on March 4. It was an extremely cold day and Harrison did not wear a hat while delivering the 105 minute speech. He contracted pneumonia and died in the White House one month later. #10 10th President of the United States (April 6, 1841 to March 3, 1845) Nicknames: "Accidental President"; "His Accidency“ Religion: Episcopalian Education: Graduated from the College of William and Mary (1807) Occupation: Lawyer Political Party: Whig Tyler, John 1841-45 1841 Tyler's cabinet resigned after he vetoed banking bills supported by the Whigs. 1844 Far East opened to U.S. traders after a treaty with China signed. 1845 Texas annexed followed by war with Mexico. #11 Polk, James 1845-49 1846 A large crack in the Liberty Bell too large to permit the bell to be rung any more. 11th President of the United States (March 4, 1845 to March 3, 1849) Nickname: "Young Hickory“ Religion: Presbyterian Education: Graduated from the University of North Carolina (1818) Occupation: Lawyer Political Party: Democratic Dispute with Britain over the Oregon Territory settled. Both nations get a part of the territory. 1848 Treaty of 1848 with Mexico gave the U.S. control over California, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah and parts of Colorado and Wyoming. Gold discovered in California in December. #12 12th President of the United States (March 5, 1849 to July 9, 1850) Nickname: "Old Rough and Ready" Religion: Episcopalian Education: No formal education Occupation: Soldier Political Party: Whig Taylor, Zachary 1849-50 As a soldier always moving from location to location, Taylor never established an official place of residence and never registered to vote, He didn't even vote in his own election. It wasn't until he was 62 that he cast his first ballot. November 7, 1848 was the first time a presidential election was held on the same day in every state. 1850 The Clayton-Bulwer Treaty signed with Britain guaranteed that any future canal across Central America would be available to all nations. Fillmore, Millard 1850-53 1850 Congress passed the Compromise of 1850 and Fugitive Slave Act in September. 13th President of the United States (July 9, 1850 to March 3, 1853) Nickname: "The American Louis Philippe“ Religion: Unitarian Education: No formal education Occupation: Lawyer Political Party: Whig The White House's first library, bathtub and kitchen stove were installed by the Fillmore's. # Pierce, Franklin 1853-57 1853 Gadsden Purchase 14th President of the United States (March 4, 1853 to March 3, 1857) Nickname: "Young Hickory of the Granite Hills“ Religion: Episcopalian Education: Graduated from Bowdoin College (1824) Occupation: Lawyer, public official Political Party: Democrat 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act Ostend Manifesto Treaty with Japan negotiated by Commodore Matthew Perry Pierce was the only elected President who sought but did not win his party's nomination for a second term. #15 Buchanan, James 1857-61 Supreme Court declared in the Dred Scott case that Congress had no power over slavery in the territories 15th President of the United States (March 4, 1857 to March 3, 1861) Nickname: "Old Buck“ Religion: Presbyterian Education: Graduated from Dickinson College (1809) Occupation: Lawyer Political Party: Democrat The sectional controversy grew steadily more serious during the last two years of Buchanan's presidency. Creation of the Confederate States of America during Buchanan's last months in office. He refused to turn over Fort Pickens in Florida and Fort Sumter in South Carolina to the authorities in those secessionist states. #16 1861-65 Lincoln, Abraham Lincoln was the first president to die by assassination. President during the Civil War 16th President of the United States (March 4, 1861 to April 15, 1865) Nicknames: "Honest Abe"; "Illinois Rail-Splitter“ Religion: No formal affiliation Education: No formal education Occupation: Lawyer Political Party: Republican He believed the national government had the power to crush the rebellion. The Gettysburg Address Signed the Emancipation Proclamation #17 Johnson, Andrew 1865-69 14th Amendment passed 17th President of the United States (April 15, 1865 to March 3, 1869) Nickname: None Religion: No formal affiliation Education: No formal education Occupation: Tailor, public official Political Party: Democratic Was unsuccessful in passing a reconstruction plan for the South #18 18th President Religion: Methodist Education: Graduated from the U.S. Military Academy in West Point, N.Y. (1843) Occupation: Soldier Political Party: Republican Grant, Ulysses S. 1869-77 Reconstruction Transcontinental Railroad Completed (1869) Fifteenth Amendment Ratified (1870) Credit Mobilier Scandal (1872) Panic of 1873 Whiskey Ring Scandal (1875) Battle of Little Bighorn (1876) Hayes, Rutherford B. 1877-81 Compromise of 1877 (End of Reconstruction) Nineteenth President of the United States Religion: No formal affiliation Education: Graduated from Kenyon College (1842) and Harvard Law School (1845) Occupation: Lawyer Political Party: Republican Bland-Allison Act (1878) Pronounced the necessity of creating an American controlled canal in Panama (1880) #20 Garfield, James 1881 Was shot on July 1, 1881 by Charles Guiteau and later died in office from this wound. Twentieth President Religion: Disciples of Christ Education: Graduated from Williams College (1856) Occupation: Teacher, public official Political Party: Republican #21 Arthur, Chester 1881-85 Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) Pendleton Act (1883) Twenty-First President Religion: Episcopalian Education: Graduated from Union College (1848) Occupation: Lawyer Political Party: Republican #22 Cleveland, Grover 1885-89 Presidential Succession Act (1886) Twenty-Second President Religion: Presbyterian Education: No formal education Occupation: Lawyer Political Party: Democrat Dedication of Statue of Liberty (1886) Harrison, Benjamin 1889-93 Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890) Twenty-Third President Religion: Presbyterian Education: Graduated from Miami University, Oxford, Ohio (1852) Occupation: Lawyer Political Party: Republican Electricity Installed in White House (1891) Cleveland, Grover 1893-97 Panic of 1893 Chicago World's Fair (1893) Pullman's Strike (1894) Twenty-Fourth President of the United States McKinley, William 1897-1901 Spanish-American War (1898) Annexation of Hawaii (1898) Twenty-Fifth President Religion: Methodist Education: Attended Allegheny College Occupation: Lawyer Political Party: Republican Open Door Policy/Boxer Rebellion (1899-1900) Was assassinated soon after being elected to his second term. Roosevelt, Theodore 1901-09 Roosevelt Corollary (1904/05) Twenty-Sixth President Religion: Dutch Reformed Education: Graduated from Harvard College (1880) Occupation: Author, lawyer, public official Political Party: Republican Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) Won Nobel Peace Prize (1906) Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) San Francisco Earthquake (1906) Panic of 1907 #27 Taft, William H. 1909-13 Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act (1909) Sixteenth Amendment Ratified (1913) Twenty-Seventh President Religion: Unitarian Education: Graduated from Yale College (1878); Cincinnati Law School (1880) Occupation: Lawyer, public official Political Party: Republican Dollar Diplomacy Antitrust Policy #28 Wilson, Woodrow 1913-21 Seventeenth Amendment World War I (1914-1918) Twenty-Eighth President Religion: Presbyterian Education: Graduated from the College of New Jersey Occupation: Teacher, public official Political Party: Democrat Lusitania Sunk (1915) United States entered World War I by declaring war on Germany (1917) Treaty of Versailles (1919) Eighteenth Amendment ratified) Nineteenth Amendment ratified giving women the right to vote (1920) Harding, Warren 1921-23 Teapot Dome Scandal Harding officially opposed entry into the League of Nations (1921) Twenty-Ninth President Religion: Baptist Education: Graduated from Ohio Central College (1882) Occupation: EditorPublisher Political Party: Republican World War I was formally ended by joint resolution (1921) #30 Coolidge, Calvin 1923-29 Immigration Act of 1924 Thirtieth President Religion: Congregationalist Education: Graduated from Amherst College (1895) Occupation: Lawyer Political Party: Republican Revenue Acts of 1924 and 1926 Charles Lindbergh make his historic transatlantic flight (1927) Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) Hoover, Herbert 1929-33 Stock Market Crash (1929) Start of the Great Depression (1929) Thirty-First President Religion: Society of Friends (Quaker) Education: Graduated from Stanford University (1895). Occupation: Engineer Political Party: Republican Lame Duck Amendment Ratified (1933) Roosevelt, Franklin D. 1933-45 Twenty-First Amendment - Repeal of Prohibition (1933) New Deal policies Thirty-Second President Religion: Episcopalian Education: Graduated from Harvard College (1903); Attended Columbia Law School Occupation: Public official, lawyer Political Party: Democrat Social Security Act (1935) World War II (1939-1945) Pearl Harbor attacked; US enters World War II (1941) Truman, Harry 1945-53 Atomic Bombs Dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1945) End of World War II (1945) Thirty-Third President Religion: Baptist Education: Attended the University of Kansas City Law School Occupation: Farmer, public official Political Party: Democrat United Nations Created (1945) Truman Doctrine (1947) Korean Conflict (1950-1953) Twenty-Second Amendment Ratified (1951) Hydrogen Bomb Detonated (1952) Eisenhower, Dwight 1953-61 End of the Korean War (1953) Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Thirty-Fourth President Religion: Presbyterian Education: Graduated from U.S. Military Academy, West Point, N.Y. (1915) Occupation: Soldier Political Party: Republican Interstate Highway System Created (1956) Eisenhower Doctrine (1957) Commander of Allied Forces during WWII #35 Kennedy, John F. 1961-63 Bay of Pigs (1961) Berlin Wall built (1961) Thirty-Fifth President Religion: Roman Catholic Education: Graduated from Harvard College (1940) Occupation: Author, public official Political Party: Democrat Alan Shepard, Jr. became the first American in space (1961) Twenty-Third Amendment Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) Was assassinated while in office #36 Johnson, Lyndon 1963-69 Vietnam Conflict Continues (1963 1969) Thirty-Sixth President Religion: Disciples of Christ Education: Graduated from Southwest Texas State Teachers College (1930) Occupation: Teacher, public official Political Party: Democrat Civil Rights Act (1964) Medicare and Medicaid (1965) Twenty-Fifth Amendment #37 Thirty-Seventh President Religion: Society of Friends (Quaker) Education: Graduated from Whittier College (1934) and Duke University Law School (1937) Occupation: Lawyer, public official Political Party: Republican Nixon, Richard 1969-74 Twenty-Sixth Amendment ratified giving 18-year-olds the right to vote (1971) Break-in at Watergate occurs (1972) End of the Vietnam War (1973) Nixon resign (1974) #38 Ford, Gerald 1974-77 Ford grants Nixon an unconditional pardon (1974) Thirty-Eighth President Religion: Episcopalian Education: Graduated from the University of Michigan (1935) and Yale University Law School (1941) Occupation: Lawyer, public official Political Party: Republican Communist victory in Southeast Asia (1975-76) Helsinki Agreement (1975) #39 Carter, Jimmy 1977-81 Vietnam War era draft evaders pardoned (1977) Thirty-Ninth President Religion: Baptist Education: Graduated from U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md. (1946) Occupation: Farmer, public official Political Party: Democrat Panama Canal Treaty (1977) Three Mile Island incident (1979) Iran Hostage Crisis (1979-81) Reagan, Ronald 1981-89 Sandra Day O'Connor named first woman Supreme Court justice (1981) Attempted assassination (1981) Fortieth President Religion: Disciples of Christ Education: Graduated from Eureka College (1932) Occupation: Actor, public official Political Party: Republican Glasnost with the Soviet Union (19851991) Stark incident in Gulf War (1987) Bush, George H.W. 1989-93 Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska (1989) Break up of the Soviet Union (1991) Persian Gulf War (1990-91) Forty-First President Religion: Episcopalian Education: Graduated from Yale University (1948) Occupation: Businessman, public official Political Party: Republican Clinton, William J. 1993-2001 NAFTA (1993) Forty-Second President Religion: Baptist Education: Graduated from Georgetown University (1968); Attended Oxford University (1968-70); Graduated from Yale University Law School (1973) Occupation: Lawyer, public official Political Party: Democrat World Trade Center Terrorist Bombing (1993) Oklahoma City federal building Terrorist bombing (1995) Impeachment (1999) Bush, George W. 2001-present Terrorist Attack on the Pentagon and the World Trade Center in New York City (September 11, 2001) Forty-Third President Religion: Methodist Education: Graduated from Yale University (1968); Graduated from Harvard Business School (1975) Occupation: Businessman Political Party: Republican War in Afghanistan (2001) War in Iraq (2003) To be continued…….