Download CHAPTER 28 THE ONSET OF THE COLD WAR

Chapter 28
THE ONSET OF
THE COLD WAR
1946, After the War, to 1961 and Kennedy
America Past and Present
Eighth Edition
Divine  Breen  Fredrickson  Williams  Gross  Brand
(With edits by Ed Darrell)
Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman
The Cold War Begins:
Issues Dividing U.S., U.S.S.R.
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Control of postwar Europe
Economic aid
Nuclear disarmament
The Division of Europe
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1945: Russians occupied eastern
Europe, American troops occupied
western Europe
Soviet Union sought eastern European
buffer
U.S. demanded national selfdetermination through free elections
throughout Europe
Stalin converted eastern Europe into a
system of satellite nations
Europe after World War II
Withholding Economic Aid
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Russia devastated by World War II
Some Americans sought to influence
Russia with Lend-Lease economic aid
1945: United States halted Lend-Lease
without Russian settlement
Leverage lost in shaping Soviet policy
The Atomic Dilemma
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1943: Nuclear race between U.S. and
U.S.S.R.
1946: Baruch Plan (Bernard Baruch)
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Rapid reduction of U.S. military force
Gradual reduction favored U.S. atomic
monopoly
Soviet Union (Andrei Gromyko)
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Larger conventional army than U.S.
Immediate abolition of atomic weapons
Containment
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1947: George C. Marshall appointed
Secretary of State
Dean Acheson: England's former
role as arbiter of world affairs
George Kennan: Called for
“containment of Russia’s expansive
tendencies”
The Truman Doctrine
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1947: Truman sought funds to keep
Greece, Turkey in Western sphere of
influence
Truman Doctrine: “Support free
peoples who are resisting attempted
subjugation by armed minorities or
outside pressure”
Doctrine an informal declaration of cold
war against the Soviet Union
The Marshall Plan
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1947: George Marshall proposed aid
for rebuilding European industries
Russia refused aid
1948: Marshall Plan adopted by
Congress
Plan fostered western European
prosperity
Marshall Plan to Aid Europe,
1948–1952
The Western Military Alliance
•
1949: North Atlantic Treaty
Organization
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Military alliance included U.S., Canada,
most of western Europe
U.S. troops stationed in Europe
NATO intensified Russia's fear of the
West
The Berlin Blockade
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June, 1948: Russians blockade of
Berlin
Truman ordered airlift to supply the city
(“The Berlin Airlift”)
1949: Russians end blockade
U.S. political victory dramatized
division between USSR and US, East
and West, Communists and Capitalists
The Cold War Expands
•
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1947: U.S.-Russian arms race
accelerated
Conflict expanded to Asia
The Military Dimension
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1947: National Security Act
–
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Department of Defense unified armed
forces
Central Intelligence Agency coordinated
intelligence-gathering
National Security Council advised president
Defense budget devoted to air power
1949: First Russian atomic bomb
exploded, U.S. began hydrogen bomb
development
The Cold War in Asia
•
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1945: U.S. consolidates hold on Japan,
former Japanese possessions in
Pacific
1949: Victory of Mao Tse-tung brings
China into Soviet orbit (Mao Zedong)
Truman refused recognition of
Communist China, began building up
Japan
The Korean War
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June 25, 1950: Communist North
Korean forces invaded U.S.influenced South Korea
Truman made South Korea’s defense a
U.N. effort, sent in U.S. troops
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U.S. routed Korean forces in South
Attempt to unify Korea drew in China
U.S. pushed back to South, war a
stalemate
Result: Massive American rearmament
The Korean War, 1950–1953
The Cold War at Home
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New Deal economic policies
undermined
Fears of Communist subversion (how
many “Red Scares” is this?)
Republicans used anticommunism to
revive their party (Nixon in California)
Truman's Troubles
•
Obstacles to Truman’s Fair Deal
reforms
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Apathetic public
Inflation
Labor unrest
1946: Republicans won Congress
Truman Vindicated
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Taft-Hartley Act outlawed certain union
tactics
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Truman vetoed, Republicans overrode his veto
1948 election: Truman thought unelectable
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Northern liberals supported Henry Wallace’s Progressive
candidacy
Southern Democrats supported “Dixiecrat” Strom
Thurmond
Republican Thomas Dewey overconfident and ran bland
campaign, failed to challenge Truman on Cold War
because of the Berlin Crisis
Roosevelt coalition reelected Truman on domestic issues
Truman Vindicated
• Thomas Dewey predicted to win . . .
The Loyalty Issue (Red Scare)
•
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House Un-American Activities
Committee (HUAC) investigated
Communist subversion in government
Truman responded with loyalty
program
Alger Hiss case
Democrats blamed for
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”Losing" China to Communism
Russia's development of a hydrogen
bomb
McCarthyism in Action
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1950: Senator Joseph McCarthy
launched anticommunist campaign
Innocent overwhelmed by accusations
Attacks on privileged bureaucrats
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Supported by Midwest Republicans
Attracted Irish, Italian, Polish workers to
Republicans
Sen. Joseph
McCarthy “exposing”
the communist
leanings of Harry
Truman – the
commission of Adm.
Louis Denfield for a
second term as Chief
of Naval Operations
McCarthyism in Action
• Sec. of State George
Marshall (Marshall
Plan)
• McCarthy accused
Marshall of conspiring
against America
• Why? Marshall plan
helped people who
might be socialists, and
proposed to help
communists
Cartoon by
Herb Block
(“Herblock”)
of the
Washington
Post
The Republicans in Power
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1952: Eisenhower captures White
House for Republican Party
July 27, 1953: stalemate accepted in
Korea
Eisenhower dealt passively with
McCarthy
1954: Attack on Army discredited
McCarthy who is then censured
The Election of 1952
Eisenhower Wages
the Cold War
•
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Eisenhower prefers to work behind-the
scenes
Eisenhower wanted to relax tensions
with Soviets
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Debt imposed by defense spending
Possibility of atomic warfare
Eisenhower “new look” policy relied on
massive retaliation to deter Soviet
attacks
Entanglement in Indochina
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Eisenhower refused military aid for
French retention of colonial Indochina
(Vietnam)
Victory of Communist Ho Chi Minh
prompted intervention to prevent
election
Vietnam divided, election postponed
South Vietnam under U.S. puppet
regime
Containing China
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Tough line against China
Drove wedge between China, Russia
Strategy ultimately worked
Effects not immediately apparent
Turmoil in the Middle East
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1956: Nasser nationalized Suez Canal
France, England invaded Egypt
Eisenhower won Middle East trust by
pressuring English, French withdrawal
1958: Lebanon invited U.S. troops to
maintain order
Covert Actions (Spies!)
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Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) used
to achieve covert objectives
Iran: CIA restored the Shah to power
Guatemala: CIA ousted leftist
government
Eastern Europe: Refused to help East
Germans or Hungarians (Hungarian
Uprising, 1956)
Waging Peace
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Nuclear test ban treaty
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U.S. and U.S.S.R. agreed to suspend
nuclear testing in the atmosphere
October, 1957: Russians launched
Sputnik
May, 1960: U-2 incident cancelled
plans for summit on new Berlin Crisis
The Continuing Cold War
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January, 1961: Eisenhower warned
against growing military-industrial
complex
Post-war era marked by Cold War
rather than peace and tranquility
Cold War
• The Cold War was a conflict
– Between East and West
– Between Communism and Capitalism
– Between the U.S.S.R. and the U.S.
– Fought in proxy wars
– Fought with economic aid and politics,
and sometimes, diplomacy
– Not peace, after World War II
– The longest “war” of the 20th century,
1946 to the end of 1991
Cold War “incidents”
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Berlin Airlift, 1948
Korean War, 1948-53
Vietnam, 1954-1975
Hungarian Uprising, 1956
Sputnik launch, October 1957
Cuban Revolution, 1959
Bay of Pigs, April 17, 1961
U-2 Incident, 1961
Cold War “incidents”
• Berlin Wall, August 1961
• Cuban Missile Crisis, October 1962
• Khruschev at the United Nations
– “Kitchen Debate” with Nixon earlier
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Czech “Prague Spring” 1968
Soviet/Afghan War, 1980-1988
Poland uprisings in 1980s
Fall of Berlin Wall, 1988
Fall of Soviet Union, 1991
The end
ONSET OF THE COLD WAR
1946 TO 1961