Download U.S. Takes Hawaii

Acquiring New
Lands
Ch.10 Imperialism
Imperialism
The policy in which stronger nations
take over weaker ones
Economic: new markets, natural
resources
Political: gain colonies, power, status
Military: compete in arms race,power
Belief in racial/ cultural superiority
of people of European descent
(Anglo/Saxon)
United States Foreign Policy
• American businessmen with the
help of American politicians tried
to gain access (entrance) to foreign
markets in several ways.
• During the presidency of William
McKinley, Secretary of State John
Hay proposed the Open Door
Policy. This policy wanted to give
all nations equal trading rights in
China. Its goal was to open to
American businessmen the Chinese
market from which they had
previously been excluded. It also
urged all foreigners in China to
obey Chinese law and observe
practices of fair competition.
There is, of course, little or no
independence left Cuba under
the Platt Amendment.”
General Leonard Wood
Orville Platt
Puerto Rico Controls:
• Puerto Rican institutions control internal affairs
unless U.S. law is involved, as in matters of public
health and pollution.
• The major differences between Puerto Rico and
the 50 states are its local taxation system and
exemption from Internal Revenue Code, its lack of
voting representation in either house of the U.S.
Congress, the ineligibility of Puerto Ricans to vote
in presidential elections, and its lack of assignation
of some revenues reserved for the states.
Puerto Rico:
• Puerto Rico became a US Territory following the
Spanish-American War in 1898 and its residents
became US citizens in 1917.
• It has been a US Commonwealth since 1952.
• Commonwealths have their own constitutions and
greater autonomy than "territories." Puerto Rico's
constitution and government structure is similar to
those of the 50 US states, and it participates in
many US Federal government programs.
American Imperialism
• The new territory promised markets, military
bases, and influence overseas.
• As a result of victory over Spain in the SpanishAmerica War, the United States emerged as a
world power.
• The war reinforced the tenets of the Monroe
Doctrine, established in 1823, which declared that
US regards Caribbean region as its sphere of
influence and the US could use force to protect it.
The Philippines
Cuba and Puerto Rico
Treaty of Paris
• As a result of the Treaty of
Paris, Spain gave up its
sovereignty over Cuba (granted
its independence) and gave the
US ownership of the former
Spanish colonies of Puerto
Rico, and Guam.
• Business interests in the US
also demanded the acquisition
of the entire Philippine
archipelago in the hope that
Manila would become a trading
post.
• McKinley forced the Spanish to
“sell” the Philippines to the
United States for $20,000,000.
Cuba and the United States
• The Treaty of Paris
granted full independence
to Cuba.
• The U.S. signed an
agreement with Cuba
known as the Platt
Amendment 1903.
• Key Features of “Platt”
included the right of the
U.S. to maintain naval
stations on the island and
the right to intervene in
Cuban affairs.
• Cuba has become an
“protectorate” of the U.S.
Today the US has a prison
in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba
Cuba, Puerto Rico,
and the Philippines
• American forces, quickly overcame the Spaniards
in Cuba.
• They then turned against Spain's last island in the
Caribbean, Puerto Rico.
• Meanwhile, on May 1, 1898, the American captain
George Dewey, with his Asiatic squadron,
destroyed a small Spanish fleet in the harbor of
Manila in the Philippines.
“A splendid little war.”
• Although Spain wanted to avoid war, it refused to
withdraw from Cuba and recognize the island’s
independence.
• By mid-April, Congress authorized McKinley to
use the armed forces to expel the Spanish from
Cuba.
• For Americans it was, as Secretary of State John
Hay put it in a letter to Theodore Roosevelt, “a
splendid little war.”
Cuban’s Rebel Against Spanish
Rule
• Cuban rebels started a violent revolution
against Spanish rule in 1895.
• These rebels were acting out, in part
because of a depression caused by a decline
in U.S. sugar purchases from Cuba.
• Rebel violence led to more repressive
actions by the Spanish.
U.S. Imperialism
• Militarily speaking, the Spanish-American
War of 1898 was brief and not very bloody,
but its political consequences were
enormous.
• It led to United States imperialism and
greater participation in world politics.
Monroe Doctrine of 1823
• The Monroe Doctrine of 1823 defined United States
foreign policy in the Americas for the rest of the 19th
century and beyond.
• It declared that the United States had an interest in the
Western Hemisphere and that European powers must not
interfere in the affairs of developing nations there.
• The United States was a young nation in 1823 and did not
really have the power to back up the Monroe Doctrine.
However, the policy was used to justify the sending of
U.S. troops into Mexico in 1866 (to intimidate the French)
and the purchase of Alaska in 1867.
Aloha Hawaii
While both the Open Door
Policy and Dollar Diplomacy
were American attempts to
engage in economic
imperialism, the United States
also embarked upon a limited
policy of political imperialism.
In the early 1890s the United
States marines helped American
sugar planters depose
(overthrow) the Hawaiian
monarch Queen Liliuokalani. In
1898 Congress agreed to annex
Hawaii or add it to United States
territory.
Queen Lilioukalani (1891-93). American
planters, who had established sugar plantations
in Hawaii beginning around 1820, became
increasingly influential in the economy and
government of Hawaii; Queen Lilioukalani's
desire for a new constitution, restoring her royal
powers, caused a revolt by the planters, and
she was deposed in 1893. In 1894 a republic
was established, headed by lawyer and
missionary son Sanford B. Dole, and
annexation by the U.S. followed in 1898.
United States Foreign Policy
• President William Howard Taft expanded upon the Open Door
Policy by advocating (calling for) Dollar Diplomacy.
Through Dollar Diplomacy President Taft aimed to encourage
American investment in Latin America (South and Central
America).
• Not only did Taft urge American banks and businesses to
invest in Latin America, but also promised that the United
States military would intervene (step in), if local unrest
threatened their investments.
• Partially as a result of these two policies, growth in
international trade occurred from the late 1800s to World War
I. This period was the first era of a true “global economy.”
Roosevelt Corollary
• In 1904, Roosevelt issued a statement that came to be
known as the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.
Corollary means “what naturally follows from”.
• South and Central American Countries were poor and often
borrowed money from European countries then were unable
to repay the loans.
• To prevent European countries from attacking these
countries in the Western Hemisphere and thereby violating
the Monroe doctrine, Roosevelt announced that “chronic
wrongdoing” by any Latin American nation entitled the
United States to intervene in its affairs.
• This changed the Monroe doctrine by allowing one Western
Hemisphere nation the intervene in the affairs of another.
Spanish-American War
Next, the Spanish-American War was the 1898 war between Spain and
the United States, which the United States won. As a result of the SpanishAmerican War, the United States annexed both the Philippines and
Puerto Rico and declared its right to intervene (become militarily
involved) in Cuban affairs.
Theodore Roosevelt and his Rough
Riders on San Juan Hill in Cuba,
1898. When war was declared,
Assistant Secretary of the Navy
Roosevelt resigned his post and
recruited a volunteer cavalry
regiment that nicknamed itself the
"Rough Riders." After the invasion of
Cuba in June, Roosevelt's unit
marched overland to Santiago and,
on July 1, mounted a heroic charge
that allowed the Americans to capture
the ridges above the city and force
the Spanish fleet to evacuate and
surrender the city. The Rough Riders
suffered heavy casualties, but
Roosevelt became a national hero.
U.S. Takes Hawaii
Ch.10 Imperialism
Hawaii’s Economy
75% of wealth from sugar
plantations
Plantations owned by Americans
Labor imported from Japan/
China
Hawaii’s Economy
1875 no duty on Hawaiian sugar
1887 king forced to grant voting
rights to only wealthy landowners
1887 U.S. gained rights to Pearl
Harbor
Hawaii’s Economy
1890 McKinley Tariff eliminated
the duty-free status of Hawaiian
sugar
Hawaiian sugar had to compete with
other sugar growers, especially Cuba
Annexation of Hawaii would mean
Hawaiian sugar would become dutyfree
Deposing the Queen
Queen Lil wanted to:
end property qualifications
for voting
Restore power to native
Hawaiians
“The cause of
Queen Lili’uokalani
Hawaiian
independence is
larger and dearer
than the life of any
man connected with
it. Love of country
is deep seated in the
breast of every
Hawaiian, whatever
his station.”
Deposing the Queen
The Americans sugar growers :
Organized a revolt against the
Queen 1893
Queen Lil was arrested
Sanford Dole became the
temporary president of Hawaii
Grover
Cleveland
William
McKinley
Sanford Dole
“The New Temptation on the Mount: “ Behold all this I
will give thee, if thou wilt fall down and worship me.”
A “World- Wide Empire” including Hawaii and the
Philippines, is offered on the horizon.
Republic of Hawaii
Pres. Cleveland wanted the queen
restored to power.
Dole refused to give up power.
Cleveland recognized the Republic
of Hawaii, but refused to annex
Hawaii.
1897 Pres. McKinley made Hawaii
an American territory.
Boxer Rebellion
• European nations dominated
China’s cities
• Resentment arose in the form
of secret societies determined
to rid China of these “foreign
devils”
• The Boxer’s were a secret
group that rioted in 1900,
killing and vandalizing all
things foreign
• Foreign Troops were called in
to put down this “Boxer
Rebellion”
•
Felipinos Rebel
• Filipinos reacted with
rage to the American
annexation
• Rebel leader Emilio
Aguinaldo vowed to fight
for freedom and in 1899
he led a rebellion
• The 3-year war claimed
20,000 Filipino rebels,
4,000 American lives and
$400,000,000 (20x the
price the U.S. paid for the
land) U.S. troops fire on
rebels
•
Emilio Aguinaldo