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CHAPTER 11 EXPANDING WEST 1800-1855 SECTION 1: TRAILS TO THE WEST Reasons Americans were moving West: Wealth Adventure Cheap Land Trade Freedom Methods of Travel: Canoe or Flatboat Horseback or Wagon Trains Walking THE FUR TRADE The “High Hat” Made of beaver fur Popular in Europe and the United States Beavers were becoming scarce in the East Fur trappers and traders moved West in search of more fur JOHN JACOB ASTOR Established the American Fur Company Bought skins from fur traders and trappers 1st Multi-Millionaire MOUNTAIN MEN 1st Americans to explore and map the Rocky Mountains and lands to the west Survived on the Frontier Adopted Native American customs Dressed in Native American clothing Married Native American women MOUNTAIN MEN Famous Mountain Men: Jedediah Smith Jim Bridger Manuel Lisa Jim Beckwourth THE RENDEZVOUS Trappers and traders would meet once a year to trade and socialize; sold furs to fur companies Made the fur trade more profitable Brought many different people together Americans, French Canadians, Native Americans OREGON COUNTRY John Jacob Astor established a trading-post at the mouth of the Columbia River. (Present-day Oregon) Named the town Astoria. 1st American settlement west of the Rocky Mountains. Increased the amount of Americans wanting to move to Oregon Country. OREGON COUNTRY The United States, Spain, Britain and Russia all held claims to the region. The United States based its claim on the exploration of a merchant ship captain named Robert Gray who had explored the Columbia River in 1792. The Lewis and Clark Expedition had also reached the mouth of the Columbia River. OREGON COUNTRY The Oregon Country had huge economic values The U.S made treaties with Spain and Russia to give up their claims. The U.S. also made a treaty with Britain that allowed both countries to occupy it together. By the 1840s the Fur Trade was declining The demand for beaver fur decreased along with its population Inspired other Americans to move to Oregon THE OREGON TRAIL 2,000 miles long Began in Independence, Missouri Ended in the Willamette Valley in Oregon (Portland, Salem, and Eugene) Rich farmland Followed the Platte and Sweetwater Rivers across the Great Plains After crossing the Rocky Mountains pioneers could continue to Oregon or follow the California Trail ending in California’s Central Valley (Sacramento and San Francisco) Gold and farmland (“America’s Salad Bowl”) THE OREGON TRAIL The journey took about 6 months Most pioneers were young families Cost about $400 per for a family of four Traveled in Wagon Trains Safety in numbers Used oxen or mules to pull wagons Traveled from dawn until dusk THE OREGON TRAIL Pioneers faced many hardships Lack of food and water Rough weather Dangerous river and mountain crossings Many Native Americans served as guides Fear of Indian “Massacres” The ‘Wagon Circle’ Very few were actually attacked THE SANTA FE TRAIL 700 miles long Began in Independence, Missouri Ended in Santa Fe, New Mexico Followed Native American trade routes The American Southwest had long been inhabited by Spain (Mexico) American traders were looking to trade manufactured goods for silver and horses with Mexican traders in Santa Fe THE SANTA FE TRAIL Had to cross hot, dry deserts and rough mountains Traders could continue on the Old Spanish Trail from Santa Fe to Southern California (Los Angeles and San Diego) Traders could make huge profits THE MORMONS Looking for religious freedom Joseph Smith 1830 – Established the Church of Latter-day Saints in New York Claimed to have found and translated golden tablets that contained religious teachings The Book of Mormon Church members became known as Mormons THE MORMONS The Mormons held certain beliefs and practices that many Americans disagreed with Polygamy: One man married to several wives (Outlawed by the church in 1890) Led to persecution Left New York to establish communities where they could practice their religion Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois Smith was murdered by an anti-Mormon mob in 1844 THE MORMONS Brigham Young Became head of the Mormon Church after Smith’s murder Decided to lead the Mormons west The Mormon Trail 1,300 miles Following the Oregon Trail they eventually settled in present-day Utah near the Great Salt Lake 40,000 Mormons in Utah by 1860 Salt Lake City remains the center of the Mormon Church today SECTION 2 – THE TEXAS REVOLUTION THE SPANISH SOUTHWEST Spanish Conquistadors had laid claim to the land that would eventually become the American Southwest Had come to the region in search of gold Established missions to convert Native Americans to Catholicism Settlements were far apart and conflicts with Native Americans Very few Spanish settlers SPANISH TERRITORY MEXICAN INDEPENDENCE Mexico was part of New Spain Controlled by Spanish rulers Unprotected Northern border from Texas to California 1810 – Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla led a revolt to overthrow Spanish rule 80,000 poor Native Americans and Mestizos Hoped for independence The revolt failed but led to a larger rebellion MEXICAN INDEPENDENCE 1821 – Mexico gains independence from Spain A new Mexican government was created that hired agents known as empresarios, to bring new settlers into its northern frontier (Texas) Gave the empresarios land in return Why would the Mexican government want to attract settlers? STEPHEN F. AUSTIN Hired by Mexico as an empresario 1822 – Started a colony along the Colorado River in Texas Brought 300 families of American settlers The Old Three Hundred The colony was a huge success Other Americans were attracted to Texas by the offer of free land THE MEXICAN CONSTITUTION AND SANTA ANNA Settlers had to obey Mexican laws in order to receive land The Mexican Constitution outlawed slavery Many settlers brought slaves, disobeying the law This led to Mexico banning any further settlement by Americans in Texas in 1830 Many settlers were angered by this and desired independence from Mexico General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna took over the Mexican government and suspended the Constitution Santa Anna turned his attention to possible rebellion in Texas TEXAS REVOLTS AGAINST MEXICO Santa Anna’s army headed to Texas to put down the rebellion In 1835 he reached the town of Gonzales and ordered the rebels to give up their cannons – “The Twin Sisters” The Texan rebels held up a flag saying, “Come and take it” After a short battle the rebels forced the Mexican army to retreat The Texas Revolution or The Texas War for Independence had begun TEXAS INDEPENDENCE Texas declared independence from Mexico on March 2, 1836 The Republic of Texas modeled their constitution after the U.S. Constitution Made slavery legal David Burnet was elected President and Lorenzo de Zavala was elected Vice President Sam Houston was given leadership over the Texas army Stephen Austin traveled to the United States to ask for support and volunteers THE ALAMO Santa Anna began assembling a massive army to stop the rebellion The Texas Army had been fighting small battles with Mexican troops Colonel William B. Travis captured the town of San Antonio and set up a fort in an old Spanish mission called the Alamo THE ALAMO Volunteers from the United States arrived at the Alamo to assist in the defense Frontiersmen Davy Crockett and Colonel Jim Bowie THE ALAMO 200 defenders hoping to stall Santa Anna’s army until reinforcements arrived Lasted 2 weeks THE ALAMO The reinforcements never arrived Colonel Travis: “Victory or death!” March 6 – Santa Anna’s army attacked Suffered heavy losses All of the Alamo’s defenders were killed GOLIAD Santa Anna’s army moved on to the town of Goliad The Texans defending the town were forced to surrender Santa Anna ordered all prisoners to be executed – 350 total Texans were outraged by the massacres SAN JACINTO Santa Anna was determined to capture Sam Houston’s army – fled to Galveston along the San Jacinto River Santa Anna was over-confident Houston’s army attacked, surprising the Mexican troops “Remember the Alamo! Remember Goliad!” Santa Anna’s army was destroyed The Texans forced Santa Anna to sign a treaty giving Texas its independence The Mexican government did not recognize Santa Anna’s surrender THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS Sam Houston was seen as the hero of the Texas Revolution Created a new town – Houston – capital Sam Houston elected President Stephen F. Austin became Secretary of State The Texas Rangers were organized to protect Texas from Mexican and Native American attacks THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS Texas wanted to increase its population – offered land grants Americans from southern states arrived bringing slaves – cotton THE ANNEXATION OF TEXAS? Most Texans wanted to become part of the United States – annexation So did the U.S. Congress – President Andrew Jackson refused Texas would become a slave state – upset the balance of free and slave states Jackson also did not want to risk going to war with Mexico Texas existed as an independent republic for 10 years (1836-1846) SECTION 3 – THE MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR 1846 - 1848 MANIFEST DESTINY Democratic Principles Human Progress 1840s: America was running out of land Americans look to the West – empty land? Manifest Destiny = obvious fate Settle all of the land all the way to the Pacific Ocean – spread democracy THE QUESTION OF SLAVERY If America expanded would slavery be allowed? President John Tyler (1841-1845) Pro-slavery Whig Increase the power of the South by annexing Texas Other Whigs disagreed Did not get re-nominated Chose Henry Clay to run for president in 1844 THE ELECTION OF 1844 Henry Clay – Whig – James K. Polk – Democrat – Kentucky – pro-annexation Tennessee – pro-annexation Both candidates wanted to acquire Texas and the Oregon Country Polk narrowly defeats Clay “Young Hickory” POLK AND ANNEXATION - OREGON Oregon Country was occupied by Britain and the United States American expansionists Decide the United States/Canadian border “Fifty-four forty or fight!” “54°40‘ north latitude as the northern border The two countries almost went to war 1846 – A treaty was signed that set the border at the forty-ninth parallel – today’s border Oregon became a U.S. territory in 1848 POLK AND ANNEXATION – TEXAS 1845 – Congress approves annexation Needed the Republic of Texas to agree Texas was in debt and wanted protection of the U.S. military Texas becomes a member of the United States Angers the Mexican government Never acknowledged Texas’ independence A “stolen province” the CALIFORNIA UNDER SPAIN Missions, Presidios, and Pueblos Farming and ranching CALIFORNIA UNDER SPAIN Encomienda System Native Americans and Mestizos Forced labor and taxes Protection and Christianity CALIFORNIA UNDER MEXICO Even though Mexico had lost Texas, they still possessed a large portion of the present-day American Southwest New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and California Mexico changed old Spanish policies after winning independence Ended the Encomienda System Mission lands were broken up and given to wealthy California settlers Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo RANCHOS Huge ranches – cattle and sheep Vaqueros – Mexican Cowboys Skilled horsemen Hats, saddles, chaps, lassos THE CALIFORNIOS 1846 - 12,000 Mexican settlers in California = Californios Felt little connection to the Mexican government Began to desire independence from Mexico Anglos – Settlers from the U.S. in California Increased tensions between the U.S. and Mexico THE BEAR FLAG REVOLT In 1846 only 500 Anglos lived in California Seized the town of Sonoma – stole horses belonging to the Mexican militia Declared California an independent nation – The California Republic Raised a flag with a grizzly bear and star THE BEAR FLAG REVOLT John C. Fremont – U.S. Army captain Leading a mapping expedition Joined the Anglos in revolt against the Californios Several important Californios were taken prisoner – Mariano Vallejo The U.S. navy and army arrived and defeated the Californios at San Diego, Los Angeles, and Monterey U.S. Navy commodore Robert Stockton claimed California for the United States The California Republic would be annexed by the U.S. TENSIONS INCREASE Conflict between the United States and Mexico over the annexation of Texas and possible California independence increased tensions Dispute over Mexico’s northern border Mexico insisted that the border was the Nueces River The United States felt the border should be the Rio Grande BORDER DISPUTE President Polk ordered General Zachary Taylor to lead an army into the disputed region between the two rivers John Slidell was sent to Mexico City to settle the dispute – was to offer Mexico $30 million for New Mexico and California; they refused to speak to him THE WAR BEGINS General Taylor led his army to the Rio Grande in March 1846 The Mexican forces were stationed across the river in the town of Matamoros When Taylor was told by the Mexican commander to leave he refused – a small skirmish occurred – several U.S. soldiers killed President Polk uses the conflict to persuade Congress to declare war on Mexico DEBATE OVER THE WAR Many Americans supported the war Manifest Destiny – Pro-Texas – Pro-California Many were against the war Whigs – Felt the war was unjustified/avoidable Northerners – feared the spread of slavery FIGHTING THE WAR The U.S. had better weapons, but was outnumbered and poorly prepared The government asked for volunteers 200,000 American men enlist – adventure? General Taylor won battles at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma Crosses the Rio Grande – occupies Matamoros Waits for more men FIGHTING THE WAR General Stephen Kearny is ordered to attack New Mexico – captures Santa Fe Claims all of New Mexico for the U.S. and then marches on to California to assist the Bear Flag Revolt FIGHTING THE WAR General Taylor, after receiving reinforcements, invades Mexico Santa Anna had returned to power in Mexico Sends his army after Taylor The Battle of Buena Vista Heavy casualties on both sides Mexican Army retreated FIGHTING THE WAR Victory makes Taylor a war hero Polk was jealous of his popularity Gave command to General Winfield Scott Strict discipline – “Old Fuss and Feathers” General Scott leads his troops to the port Veracruz (Mexico’s strongest fortress) 88 hour artillery attack – Veracruz surrenders FIGHTING THE WAR General Scott advances toward the capital, Mexico City Santa Anna attempts to stop their advance at Cerro Gordo, but fails U.S. troops had made it to the edge of Mexico City General Scott orders a massive attack on the city Mexico City falls – Santa Anna flees the country THE WAR ENDS After General Scott captures Mexico City, the United States and Mexico sign a treaty ending the war The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Forces Mexico to turn over most of its northern territory to the U.S. The Mexican Cession California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming 500, 000 square miles Increased the United States by 25% THE WAR ENDS The border between Mexico and Texas is established at the Rio Grande The United States agreed to pay Mexico $15 million and claim its debts The treaty also protected Mexican citizens that would now live in the U.S. THE GADSDEN PURCHASE The southern portion of New Mexico and Arizona were not included in the Mexican Cession James Gadsden – U.S. minister to Mexico To ensure that a railroad built to California would be entirely on American soil, the U.S. purchased the land for $10 million The final boundary with Mexico was established AFTER THE WAR Americans flooded into the newly acquired land Conflict between Americans and former Mexicans Land control – Water and mineral rights Legal, social, and economic discrimination American laws and Mexican laws differed – led to confusion Many wealthy Mexicans lost their land Conflict increased between Americans and Native Americans SECTION 4 – THE CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH AMERICANS ARRIVE IN CALIFORNIA American settlement into California was slow at first after the Mexican-American War Settlers would arrive traveling on the Oregon Trail and California Trail Ran through the Sierra Nevada mountain range Settlers had to cross before the winter snows SUTTER’S FORT The first to arrive were traders and merchants John Sutter – Swiss immigrant 1839 – Started a colony near the Sacramento River Sutter’s Fort – trading post THE DONNER PARTY Advertisements and guidebooks published to encourage Americans to settle in California The Donner Party Stranded in the Sierra Nevada during the winter – had attempted to find a short-cut – got lost 42 out of 87 died Cannibalism? GOLD IS DISCOVERED John Sutter had built a sawmill along the American River 1848 – A workman discovered gold along the river The news of the discovery quickly spread THE CALIFORNIA FORTY-NINERS 1849 – 80,000 gold-seekers arrive in California hoping to strike it rich – “The 49ers” “Gold Fever” 80% of the 49ers were American; the rest came from all over the world Arrived by wagon train on overland trails or by ship San Francisco – 800 people in 1848; 25,000 people by 1850 GOLD MINING Hard work and time-consuming Prospect – Search for gold Streams and rivers “Staking a Claim” Competition and Conflict – Violence Most miners did not strike it rich GOLD MINING Placer Mining – used pans to wash gold nuggets out of loose rock and gravel in streams To reach gold deposits buried in the ground, miners dug shafts and tunnels MINING CAMPS Miners banded together for protection Many different cultures and backgrounds Young, unmarried men, searching for adventure and to get rich quick Dirty and unorganized No laws Gambling, saloons, brothels CHINESE IMMIGRANTS Many Chinese men left China hoping to find great wealth in California “Travelers to Gold Mountain” Intended to return home 24,000 Chinese men arrived in California Faced discrimination High taxes on foreign miners Violent attacks Many stayed in California Opened businesses – Chinese Community China Town OTHER IMMIGRANTS Immigrants from Europe, Mexico, and South America Levi Strauss – German CALIFORNIA GROWS California becomes the 31st state in 1850
