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Westward Expansion and Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny What do you see in this painting? Manifest Destiny The belief (concept, idea) that the United States was destined (fate,ordained by God) to spread from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. The three justifications of Manifest Destiny: We need more land because our population is growing. Americans could bring economic growth and democracy to places where they had never existed before. American territorial expansion was blessed by God because it was morally right. Manifest Destiny John O’Sullivan Editor of the Democratic Review, expressed what Americans had thought all along: It was America’s future to expand her empire of liberty from coast to coast. The term was used to justify the U.S. annexation of Oregon, New Mexico, and California and later U.S. involvement in Alaska, Hawaii, and the Philippines. Westward Expansion The actual growth of the United States through territorial acquisition. Mountain Men contribute to westward expansion by finding ways to travel through the Rocky Mts. Americans risked their lives to go west—WHY? Expansion of the U.S. Mountain Men Fur trappers that spent their lives living in the unexplored regions of the North America. Many lived and married Indians Explored the far west and helped open it up for settlement. Every summer they gathered for rendezvous. – Traded Furs – Running, Jumping, Shooting and Wrestling contests. Jedediah Smith Discovered the South Pass in Wyoming. A gap or cut in the Rocky mountains that settlers used to get to California. James Beckwourth Discovered the Beckwourth Pass. A route for settlers to cut through the Sierra Nevada mountain range. Kit Carson Jim Bridger Moving Westward Since settling at Jamestown, settlers continued to move west. Original Thirteen Colonies (1607-1733) Land ceded by Britain after the Revolutionary War (1783) The Louisiana Purchase (1803) West Florida (1810-1813) British Cession (1818) East Florida (1819) British Cession (1842) Texas Annexation (1845) Oregon Country (1846) Mexican Cession (1848) Gadsden Purchase (1853) Problems of Expansion Indian Removal Border Conflicts The Expansion of Slavery States Rights issues of popular sovereignty when determining whether a state will allow slavery or not. Moving Westward Map Moving Westward Map Moving Westward Map Moving Westward Map Moving Westward Map Trails Santa Fe Trail- Travel route from Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico. Founded by the Spanish in 1610 and was closed to “Americanos” until 1821 when Mexico won its independence from Spain and opened Santa Fe to American traders. William Bucknell led the first wagon train into Santa Fe in 1822. Today, you can still see the wagon ruts on the edge of town. Oregon Trail Travel route from Independence, Missouri to Portland, Oregon. In 1841, settlers lured by fertile land began making the 2000 mile journey. In 1843, Oregon set up a provisional government and demanded annexation to the United States. Mormons • Founded by Joseph Smith in New York in 1830. • Why were people prejudiced against the Mormons? (pg. 381) • Founders of a great amount of data dealing with genealogy. • Joseph Smith was murdered in Illinois in 1844. Mormon Trail Travel route from Independence, Missouri to Salt Lake City, Utah. In 1847, Brigham Young led the first of 15,000 Mormon settlers Handcarts to the Utah territory as a In 1846, 200 Mormon’s religious haven. froze to death during a blizzard. In 1896, Utah became a state. California Trail Trails Travel route from Independence, Missouri to Sacramento. (Sutter’s Fort) – Follow the Oregon Trail to Idaho, in Idaho the trail is going to split. If you go north on the trail you will head to Oregon. If you go south on the trail, you will head to California. In 1848, gold was discovered at Sutter’s Fort near Sacramento. The “gold rush” brought 80,000 people to the California territory by 1849. In 1849, the “forty-niners, wrote a state constitution and sought U.S. annexation. Texas Revolution-1836 1821-Stephen F. Austin brought 300 families to Texas. They settled on the Brazos River in southeast Texas. The land grant was originally given to Austin’s father by Spain. The settlers soon learned that Mexico had won its independence from Spain. As Mexican citizens, the settlers could not own slaves, had to became Catholics, and obeyed Mexican laws. They had local selfgovernment until 1835. General Santa Anna became a dictator and abolished local governments. Texas Revolution-1836 On March 2, 1836, the Texans set up a provisional government and declared their independence. March 6, 1836-”Remember the Alamo” – 183 Texans killed including: William Travis, James Bowie, and Davy Crockett. – William Travis is the commander at the Alamo March 27, 1836-”Goliad” – Mexican Army massacred 342 rebels at Goliad. April 21, 1836- Battle of San Jacinto – Santa Anna is defeated and Texas announces its independence. Texas is Annexed!!! Texas is an independent republic from 1836-1845. Texas becomes a state in 1845. It enters as a slave state Sam Houston Sam(uel) Houston, governor of two states, president of the Republic of Texas, U.S. senator, and military hero, was one of the most colorful figures of 19th-century America. Mexican War Mexican War-1846 Who- Mexico, Texas, and the United States. United States- President James K. Polk, General Zachary Taylor. Mexico-General/President Santa Anna Why War? Boundary of Texas/Mexican Border (MAIN REASON!) Annexation of Texas American Migration into California. WhenTexas Independence-1836-Annexation-1845 War is Declared-May 13, 1846 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo-February 2, 1848 Mexican War-1846 to 1848 WhereTexas-Rio Grande River (Zachary Taylor) New Mexico Area-Santa Fe (Kearny) California-San Francisco and Monterey Mexico-Mexico City (Winfield Scott) Why- Texas had won its independence and become a U.S. state in 1845. The Mexicans claimed the Southern border of Texas was the Nueces River, U.S. said it was Rio Grande. The border clashes between the U.S. Army(Taylor) and the Mexican army at the Rio Grande River started the war. Mexican War-1846 to 1848 Outcome- Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Mexico would accept the Rio Grande River as the Texas border and cede New Mexico and California to the United States. (The Mexican Cession) The United States would assume claims against Mexico and pay Mexico $15,000,000. (Guilt Money) Consequences of the Mexican War: Sectional Tensions rise between the North and South over the issue of slavery. Americans acquire most of the Southwest 80,000 Mexicans become Americans almost overnight The California Gold Rush John Sutter (who was given 50K acres by the Mexican govenor) and James Marshall find gold at Sutter’s Mill near Sacramento in 1848 In 1849, the “49ers” rush into California to seek their fortunes, most did not find it. Routes to the California Gold Rush routes to gold rush 250,000 people will flock to California during the four year period of the gold rush. This growth causes problems in both California and the US as a whole California is annexed as a free state in 1850 and sectional tensions rise between the North and South over slavery. Before the gold rush Californios worked and lived primarily large cattle ranches. After the rush Californios lost their property to American settlers and Native Americans were treated harshly. Economy booms Economic growth was huge, San Francisco became a center of banking, shipping and trade. Sacramento (wine country today) became a center of agricultural production.