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The American Nation
Chapter 23
Becoming a World Power,
1865–1916
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
The American Nation
Chapter 23: Becoming a World Power, 1865–1916
Section 1:
A Pacific Empire
Section 2:
War With Spain
Section 3:
The United States in Latin America
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
A Pacific Empire
Chapter 23, Section 1
• What early steps did the United States take
toward expansion in the Pacific?
• What were the causes of imperialism?
• How did the United States take over Samoa and
Hawaii?
• How did Americans protect their trade with
China?
United States Expansion in the Pacific
Chapter 23, Section 1
•
•
•
•
Americans continued George Washington’s policy of isolationism—having
little to do with other nations. Yet, the United States had also followed a
policy of expansionism—or extending its national boundaries—by
pressing westward across the continent. The United States began to look
toward the Pacific.
Americans wanted Japan to open its ports to trade. In 1853, President
Millard Fillmore sent Matthew Perry to Japan with four warships. Perry
returned in 1854 with seven warships. Impressed by this show of strength,
the Japanese emperor signed the Treaty of Kanagawa, agreeing to help
shipwrecked sailors and open two ports to American trade.
In the 1860s, Secretary of State William Seward wanted the United States
to dominate trade in the Pacific. He persuaded Congress to annex, or take
over, Midway Island, in the middle of the Pacific Ocean.
Seward saw Alaska as a stepping stone for trade in Asia and the Pacific.
He agreed to buy Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million. Many Americans
thought the purchase foolish, but in time, its resources proved valuable.
Imperialism
Chapter 23, Section 1
The period between 1870 and 1914 has been called the Age of
Imperialism. Imperialism is the policy of powerful countries seeking
to control the economic and political affairs of weaker countries or
regions.
Reasons for the growth of imperialism
• Industrial nations of Europe needed raw materials and new
markets. They found both in Africa and Asia.
• Racism, or the belief that one race is superior to another, played a
role in imperialism. Many Europeans felt it was their duty to
spread their religion and culture to other parts of the world. They
ignored the fact that Africans and Asians had rich cultures of their
own.
• Competition between nations led to imperialism. A European
nation might take over an area just to keep rival nations out.
Imperialism
Chapter 23, Section 1
The United States competed with European nations for foreign
markets.
• Many people believed that the American economy would collapse
unless the United States found new foreign markets.
• American expansionists also argued that Americans had a right
and duty to spread western culture.
• Other expansionists said that since the United States had no new
land to settle, it should take new land overseas.
• Naval captain Alfred Mahan wrote an influential book, The
Influence of Sea Power Upon History. He argued that the United
States needed a bigger navy to protect its merchant ships, and for
this, the United States would need naval bases throughout the
world.
• By 1900, a powerful American navy had a number of new, steampowered, steel-hulled ships all painted white, called the Great
White Fleet.
Imperialism
Chapter 23, Section 1
The United States Takes Samoa and Hawaii
Chapter 23, Section 1
Germany, Great Britain, and the United States competed for Samoa, a chain of
islands in the South Pacific.
• As the three nations competed, it looked like a military clash was likely.
German ships fired upon Samoan villages friendly to the Americans.
• With tensions at their highest, a storm sank ships of both countries.
• The three nations arranged a peaceful settlement. The United States and
Germany divided Samoa, while Britain received other Pacific territories.
Americans had long been interested in Hawaii.
1820
American missionaries began to arrive in Hawaii, eager to convert the
Hawaiians to Christianity. They became valued advisers to the rulers of
Hawaii.
Mid-1800s
Americans had set up large sugar plantations. They imported thousands
of workers from China, Korea, the Philippines, and Japan.
The United States Takes Samoa and Hawaii
Chapter 23, Section 1
1887
The now wealthy and powerful American planters forced the
Hawaiian king, Kalakaua, to accept a new constitution that
reduced royal power.
1891
Kalakaua died. Liliuokalani became queen. She rejected the new
constitution and tried to reduce the influence of the planters and
foreign merchants.
1893
American planters rebelled against the queen’s attempt to limit
their power. The American ambassador called for the United
States marines to stand by the Americans. Faced with guns,
Liliuokalani reluctantly gave up her throne. American planters
hastened to set up a republic and ask the United States to annex
Hawaii.
1898
Congress annexed Hawaii.
1900
Hawaii became a United States territory.
1959
Hawaii became the fiftieth state.
The United States Takes Samoa and Hawaii
Chapter 23, Section 1
Protecting American Trade With China
Chapter 23, Section 1
•
•
•
Britain, Germany, Japan, and other industrial nations were
competing for colonies in Asia, especially in China. Once the most
advanced empire in the world, China had been weakened by years
of civil war. In addition, China had refused to industrialize in the
1800s.
In the late 1800s, Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan
carved out spheres of influence in China. A sphere of influence
was an area, usually around a seaport, where a nation had special
trading privileges.
The United States feared that the other industrial powers would
keep American merchants out of the China trade. Secretary of
State John Hay wrote a letter to all the nations with spheres of
influence in China. He asked them to keep an “open door,”
allowing any nation to trade in the spheres. The powers
reluctantly accepted his Open Door Policy.
Protecting American Trade With China
Chapter 23, Section 1
• Many Chinese resented foreign influence. Some formed a
secret society called the Righteous Fists of Harmony, or
Boxers. In 1900, the Boxers attacked westerners in China.
• Foreign governments organized an international army and
crushed the uprising, known as the Boxer Rebellion.
• Several nations saw the rebellion as an excuse to seize
more land in China, but Secretary Hay stopped them with
another Open Door letter. The United States was ready to
defend its interests in the world.
Section 1 Assessment
Chapter 23, Section 1
In the late 1800s, European nations followed a policy of imperialism, which
means
a) having little to do with the political affairs of other nations.
b) extending national boundaries.
c) powerful countries seeking to control the economic and political
affairs of weaker countries or regions.
d) one nation permitting all other nations to trade in its ports.
The United States gained control of Hawaii when
a) Hawaiians wrote a new constitution and asked to be annexed by the
United States.
b) Hawaii’s queen tried to limit the power of American planters, and the
United States sent the marines to help them.
c) Asian laborers rebelled against their low wages and asked for
American help.
d) the United States Navy built a naval base on one of the islands.
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Section 1 Assessment
Chapter 23, Section 1
In the late 1800s, European nations followed a policy of imperialism, which
means
a) having little to do with the political affairs of other nations.
b) extending national boundaries.
c) powerful countries seeking to control the economic and political
affairs of weaker countries or regions.
d) one nation permitting all other nations to trade in its ports.
The United States gained control of Hawaii when
a) Hawaiians wrote a new constitution and asked to be annexed by the
United States.
b) Hawaii’s queen tried to limit the power of American planters, and the
United States sent the marines to help them.
c) Asian laborers rebelled against their low wages and asked for
American help.
d) the United States Navy built a naval base on one of the islands.
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War With Spain
Chapter 23, Section 2
• Why did tensions in Cuba lead Americans to call
for war with Spain?
• How did Americans win a quick victory in the
Spanish-American War?
• How did the United States gain and rule its new
empire?
Americans Call for War With Spain Over Cuba
Chapter 23, Section 2
By the 1890s, Spain’s empire in the Western Hemisphere had shrunk to two
islands in the Caribbean, Cuba and Puerto Rico.
Rebellion in Cuba
• In 1868, the Cuban people rebelled aainst Spanish rule. The revolution was
crushed, and some revolutionaries fled to New York.
• In New York, Puerto Rican-born Lola Rodríguez de Tió wrote poems, and
José Martí raised funds, gave speeches, and published a newspaper in
support of Cuban independence.
• In 1895, Martí returned to Cuba. Rebels launched a new fight against
Spain. Soon, they won control of much of the island.
• Spain sent a new governor, who used brutal tactics to crush the revolt. In a
policy known as reconcentration, his men moved about half a million
Cubans into detention camps so they could not aid the rebels.
• Americans worried about the revolt. Americans had money invested in
plantations, railroads, tobacco, and iron mines in Cuba.
• American opinion split over whether or not to intervene in Cuba.
Americans Call for War With Spain Over Cuba
Chapter 23, Section 2
Business leaders opposed American involvement. They didn’t want to do
anything that might hurt foreign trade. Other Americans sympathized with
Cuban desires for freedom.
Americans Call for War
• The press whipped up American sympathies for the people of Cuba.
Joseph Pulitzer’s World and William Randolph Hearst’s Journal competed
to print the most grisly stories about Spanish atrocities, or wartime acts of
cruelty and brutality.
• To attract readers, Hearst and Pulitzer used yellow journalism, or reporting
that relied on sensational stories and headlines. Often, these reports were
biased or untrue. When a photographer told Hearst there was no war,
Hearst supposedly replied, “You supply the pictures. I’ll supply the war.”
• President Grover Cleveland and his successor, William McKinley, tried to
keep the country neutral.
Americans Call for War With Spain Over Cuba
Chapter 23, Section 2
• In 1898, fighting broke out in Havana, the Cuban
capital. President McKinley sent the battleship Maine
to protect American citizens and property there.
• On the night of February 15, as the Maine lay at
anchor in Havana harbor, a huge explosion ripped
through the ship. It killed at least 260 American
sailors.
• The real cause of the explosion remains a mystery.
But Pulitzer and Hearsts’s papers clamored for war.
“Remember the Maine!” they cried.
• In the end, McKinley gave in to war fever. On April 25,
1898, Congress declared war on Spain.
The Spanish-American War
Chapter 23, Section 2
The Spanish-American War lasted only four months. The battlefront
stretched from the Caribbean to the Philippine Islands.
The Philippines
• Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt instructed
Commodore George Dewey, commander of the Pacific fleet, to
prepare for war with Spain. As soon as war was declared, Dewey
sailed his fleet to Manila, the main city of the Philippines. In the
darkness on April 30, 1898, the fleet slipped into Manila harbor.
• The Spanish fleet was surprised. The Americans bombarded the
Spanish ships. By noon, the Spanish fleet had been destroyed.
• By July, American ground troops had landed in the Philippines.
Local people had been fighting for independence from Spain for
years. With the help of Filipino rebels, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, the
American forces quickly captured Manila.
The Spanish-American War
Chapter 23, Section 2
War in Cuba
• American troops landed in Cuba. The expedition was badly
organized.
• Theodore Roosevelt organized a volunteer unit, later called the
Rough Riders. The Rough Riders joined regular troops in a battle
to gain control of the San Juan Heights overlooking the Cuban city
of Santiago.
• African American members of the 9th and 10th Cavalries,
nicknamed Buffalo Soldiers, also played a role in the victory.
• Two days later, the Americans destroyed the Spanish fleet in
Santiago Bay. The Spanish army in Cuba surrendered.
• In a separate action, American troops claimed Puerto Rico.
On August 12, Spain and the United States agreed to end the fighting.
The American Empire
Chapter 23, Section 2
In a peace treaty signed in Paris, December 1898, Spain
agreed to grant Cuba its freedom. Spain gave Puerto Rico and
Guam to the United States. Spain gave the Philippines to the
United States in return for $20 million. Americans debated the
treaty and ways of ruling the new territories.
Cuba
The United States let the Cuban people write their own
constitution. However, Cuba had to accept the Platt
Amendment, which allowed the United States to intervene in
Cuba and gave the United States a naval base at Guantanamo
Bay. The amendment made Cuba an American protectorate, a
nation whose independence is limited by a more powerful
country.
The American Empire
Chapter 23, Section 2
Puerto
Rico
The United States set up a new government under the Foraker
Act of 1900. The act gave Puerto Ricans a limited say in their
affairs. In 1917, Puerto Ricans were made citizens of the United
States.
Philippines Filipino nationalists had been fighting for independence since
long before the Spanish-American War. When the United States
took over after the war, many Filipinos felt betrayed. They had
expected independence. They now fought against the
Americans. Finally in 1901, Emilio Aguinaldo was captured, and
the war came to an end. In 1902, the United States set up a
government giving Filipino people a limited say. Finally in 1946,
Filipinos were allowed to govern themselves.
Section 2 Assessment
Chapter 23, Section 2
What role did Pulitzer and Hearst’s newspapers play in the Spanish-American War?
a) Their editorials persuaded people to be cautious and not take sides in the
war.
b) Sensational frontpage articles whipped up public opinion so that many
Americans called for war with Cuba.
c) Sensational frontpage articles whipped up public opinion so that many
Americans called for war with Spain.
d) Their editorials persuaded people that the United States must go to war with
the Filipinos.
After the Spanish-American War, Spain gave the United States which two islands?
a) Puerto Rico and Guam
b) Philippines and Guam
c) Philippines and Hawaii
d) Puerto Rico and Cuba
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Section 2 Assessment
Chapter 23, Section 2
What role did Pulitzer and Hearst’s newspapers play in the Spanish-American War?
a) Their editorials persuaded people to be cautious and not take sides in the
war.
b) Sensational frontpage articles whipped up public opinion so that many
Americans called for war with Cuba.
c) Sensational frontpage articles whipped up public opinion so that many
Americans called for war with Spain.
d) Their editorials persuaded people that the United States must go to war with
the Filipinos.
After the Spanish-American War, Spain gave the United States which two islands?
a) Puerto Rico and Guam
b) Philippines and Guam
c) Philippines and Hawaii
d) Puerto Rico and Cuba
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The United States in Latin America
Chapter 23, Section 3
• Why did the United States want to build a canal
across Panama?
• How did Theodore Roosevelt use his “big stick”
in Latin America?
• Why did a crisis erupt between the United States
and Mexico?
A Canal Across Panama
Chapter 23, Section 3
• When Theodore Roosevelt became President in 1901, he
was determined to build a canal through the Isthmus of
Panama. An isthmus is a narrow strip of land connecting
two larger bodies of land.
Roosevelt’s Plan
• A canal through the isthmus would benefit American
commerce and military capability. Ships could shorten their
journey from New York City to San Francisco by nearly
8,000 miles.
• To build the canal, Roosevelt had to deal with Colombia,
which owned the isthmus at the time. He sent Secretary of
State John Hay to offer Colombia $10 million cash plus
$250,000 a year to rent a strip of land across Panama.
A Canal Across Panama
Chapter 23, Section 3
Taking the Canal Zone
• Colombia refused Roosevelt’s offer.
• Roosevelt knew that some Panamanians wanted to break
away from Colombia. On November 2, 1903, the American
warship Nashville dropped anchor in the port of Colón,
Panama.
• The next day, Panamanians rebelled against Colombia.
American forces stopped Colombia from crushing the
revolt.
• Panama declared itself an independent republic. The United
States recognized the new nation at once.
• Panama agreed to let the United States build a canal on
terms similar to those it had offered Colombia.
The “Big Stick” in Latin America
Chapter 23, Section 3
Gradually President Roosevelt and succeeding Presidents established a
policy of intervening in Latin America, especially when disturbances
threatened American lives, property, and interests there.
Theodore
Roosevelt
• In 1902, when several European countries sent warships to
force Venezuela to repay its debts, Roosevelt announced a
corollary, or addition, to the Monroe Doctrine. To keep
European nations out of Latin America, he claimed that the
United States had a right to intervene in Latin America to
preserve law and order. The United States would use
“international police power” to force Latin Americans to pay
their debts.
• For the next 20 years, Presidents used the Roosevelt
Corollary to intervene in Latin America.
The “Big Stick” in Latin America
Chapter 23, Section 3
William
Howard
Taft
• Taft wanted to “substitute dollars for bullets.” He urged
American bankers to invest in Latin America. His policy of
building economic ties became known as dollar diplomacy.
• American investors helped build roads, railroads, harbors,
and other improvements.
• However, American businesses often meddled in the political
affairs of host countries. Sometimes, the United States used
military force to keep order.
Woodrow
Wilson
• Wilson said, “The force of America is the force of moral
principle.” The goals of Wilson’s moral diplomacy were to
condemn imperialism, spread democracy, and promote
peace.
• Nevertheless, Wilson sent troops to Latin America several
times. For example, he sent marines to Haiti in 1915, where
they remained until 1934.
Crisis Erupts Between the United States and Mexico
Chapter 23, Section 3
By 1912, Americans had invested about $1 billion to develop mines, oil wells,
railroads, and ranches in Mexico. Yet, most Mexicans worked the land of a few
wealthy families for very low wages.
1910
• Mexicans rebelled against Porfirio Díaz, Mexico’s president
from 1884 to 1911. The new leader, Francisco Madero,
promised democratic reform.
1913
• General Victoriano Huerta overthrew and killed Madero.
Wilson refused to recognize Huerta’s government.
• Wilson authorized the sale of arms to Huerta’s rival,
Venustiano Carranza.
1914
• Huerta’s troops arrested some American sailors but released
them quickly. The government apologized. Still, Wilson
ordered the navy to occupy the port of Veracruz.
• Carranza’s forces drove Huerta from power. The United
States naval force withdrew.
Crisis Erupts Between the United States and Mexico
Chapter 23, Section 3
1916
• General Francisco “Pancho” Villa hoped to overthrow
Carranza. Villa’s soldiers removed 17 American citizens from
a train in Mexico and shot them. He raided a town in New
Mexico, killing 18 Americans. He hoped that somehow these
actions would cause trouble between the United States and
the Carranza government.
• Wilson sent General John J. Pershing with several thousand
soldiers into Mexico to capture Villa. Mexico demanded that
the troops be withdrawn. Wilson refused.
1917
• After 11 months, Pershing’s expedition returned to the United
States without Villa. The United States turned its attention to
the war that had been raging in Europe since 1914.
The United States in the Caribbean
Chapter 23, Section 3
The United States Becomes a World Power
• United States
develops strong
navy
• Open Door Policy
protects trade with
China
• United States
governs lands in
Caribbean and
Pacific
• United States builds
Panama Canal
• United States sends
troops to Latin
American nations to
protect its interests
Effects Today
Effects
• Western frontier
closes
• Businesses seek
raw materials and
new markets
• European nations
compete for
resources and
markets
Overseas Expansion
Causes
Chapter 23, Section 3
• United States is
global superpower
• Alaska and Hawaii
are 49th and 50th
states
• Puerto Rico,
American Samoa,
Guam, and U.S.
Virgin Islands
remain United
States territories
• United States has
close economic ties
with Latin America
and nations along
the Pacific Ocean.
Section 3 Assessment
Chapter 23, Section 3
One reason the United States wanted a canal across the isthmus of Panama was
because
a) it would make the journey by sea from the East Coast to the West Coast
shorter by some 8,000 miles.
B) Panama was a good place for American business leaders to vacation.
c) the United States wanted to build military bases in Panama.
d) digging the canal would mean jobs for the military and private citizens in
hard times.
Theodore Roosevelt’s corollary to the Monroe Doctrine claimed that
a) Latin American nations had to trade with the United States before they
could trade with Europe.
b) the United States had a right to build a canal in Panama without
permission from the Panamanians.
c) the United States had a right to intervene in Latin America to preserve law
and order.
d) Europeans must help the United States keep the peace in Latin America.
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Section 3 Assessment
Chapter 23, Section 3
One reason the United States wanted a canal across the isthmus of Panama was
because
a) it would make the journey by sea from the East Coast to the West Coast
shorter by some 8,000 miles.
b) Panama was a good place for American business leaders to vacation.
c) the United States wanted to build military bases in Panama.
d) digging the canal would mean jobs for the military and private citizens in
hard times.
Theodore Roosevelt’s corollary to the Monroe Doctrine claimed that
a) Latin American nations had to trade with the United States before they
could trade with Europe.
b) the United States had a right to build a canal in Panama without
permission from the Panamanians.
c) the United States had a right to intervene in Latin America to preserve law
and order.
d) Europeans must help the United States keep the peace in Latin America.
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