Download Chapter 33 The Cold War

The Cold War
1940s to the 1960s
The Freeze
VS.
The Cold War 19451991
Effects of World War II
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Nuremberg Trials / Tokyo Trials
Rise of two Superpowers / Bipolar World
End to European Dominance of the World
Third World (Non Aligned Nations)
United Nations formed
Soviet Union takes over countries in
Eastern Europe (Satellite Nations)
Analyze the Cartoon: What do you see? What feeling does the
cartoon character convey to you?
Why Not France?
Ideology: ideas, beliefs
Democracy vs. Totalitarianism
Capitalism vs. Communism
Comparison of Market and Command Economies
Market Economy
Command
Economy
Ownership
All property including
The government owns
the means of production the means of
are privately owned
production,
distribution and
exchange
Economic
Decisions
Private businesses and
individuals are free from
public control so that
they can make basic
economic decisions
Government officials
make all basic
economic decisions,
such as what will be
produced, when and
where
Market
Controls
Prices are determined
by supply and demand.
Competition promotes
high quality and low
prices
The gov’t plans the
economy. There is
limited production of
consumer goods
Berlin Blockade and the
Division of Germany
Leads to the Formation of a Free West Germany
Major Events in the Cold War 1940s-1950s
Cold War Events
1940s” USSR
Cold War Events:
1940s USA
 Marshall Plan
 Soviet Expansion
in Eastern Europe
Truman Doctrine
Berlin Blockade
Berlin Airlift
Warsaw Pact in
response to NATO
NATO
Federal Republic of
Germany
1950s:USSR
1950s:USA
Korean War
Support of France
in Vietnam
Korean War
Hungarian
Revolution
Sputnik
Support of China
Cold War goes Global
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Battle of ideologies: system of beliefs
Capitalism vs Communism
Nonaligned Nations not allied with US or USSR
Non aligned nations wanted to reduce world
tensions
• Yugoslavia, India, African Nations, China, South
East Asia
• US & USSR offer military and economic aid to
gain influence in the developing world
Americans began to build backyard bomb
shelters
MAD
Mutually Assured Destruction
The arms race begins….
• Both countries began developing their weapons so as to be
able to ‘outgun’ their opponents. This meant:
• developing more powerful weapons
•Having more of one weapon than the other side
• WHY NUCLEAR WEAPONS?
• Cheaper than having a large army
• They were a deterrent. The idea was to have so many
missiles that they could not all be destroyed. If one side
attacked then it knew that the other could retaliate. This was
known as MAD – MUTUAL ASSURED DESTRUCTION.
•For some the Arms Race was a test of the strengths of
Capitalism v communism
Why was there a nuclear arms race?
76 IBMs
700 Medium range bombers
450 ICBMs
250 Medium range missiles
2,260 Bombers
16,000Tanks
32 Nuclear submarines
260 Conventional submarines
76 Battleships and carriers
1,600 bombers
38,000 Tanks
12 Nuclear submarines
495 Conventional submarines
0 Battleships and cruisers
Space Race
• Space Race: high cost
• Cold War in Space
• Sputnik: American realization that
Soviets had capability to hit US with
missile.
• Underestimated Soviet power
Arms Race
• Arms race between
US and Soviets
• High cost to both
sides
• Soviet economic
hurt by large
amounts spent on
defense
The Korean
War
United Nations
Police Action
1950-1953
Domino Theory
Containment
Cold War Hotspot
1956: Hungarian
Revolt led by Imre
Nagy
Demand freedom
Put down by Soviets
Message: Soviet
Union will not allow
Communism to be
defeated in Eastern
Europe
1961: Bay of Pigs
Invasion crushed
1962: trade
embargo by US
Causes of Cuban Revolution 1959
1. Political:
Rule by Repressive Dictator
Corruption and bribery of
government officials.
2. Economic:
Unequal distribution of wealth
Control of sugar industries by
upper class and foreigners
High unemployment
Foreign control of many
businesses
•Building of Berlin Wall 1961/Symbol of Cold
War/ Nov. 9, 1989 destroyed
Focus on refugees from East Germany
or East Berlin to West
1949-129,245
1951- 165,648
1953- 331,390
1955- 252,870
1957- 261,622
1959- 143,917
1961- 207,026
1962- 21,356
1963- 42,632
1964- 41,876
Cold War Hotspots
• 1968 Czechoslovakia Alexander Dubcek;
crushed
• Message: Soviet Union will not allow
Communism to be defeated in Eastern Europe
• Castro/Cuba
• Building of Berlin Wall 1961/Symbol of Cold War/
1989 destroyed
The World At the Brink of Annihilation 1962
The Cuban
Missile Crisis
• The Soviet Union began
to build missile bases in
Cuba, worrying
Americans that we were
vulnerable to attack.
· Pres. Kennedy announced that American warships would
stop any Soviet ship carrying missiles.
Video:
Cuban
Missile
Crisis
(1:09)
"That Tuesday the first of thirteen days of decision unlike
any other in the Kennedy years or, indeed, inasmuch as this
was the first direct nuclear confrontation, unlike any other
in the history of our planet."
- Theodore Sorensen, aide to Pres. Kennedy
• Upon approaching
Cuba, the Soviets turned
back.
• Soviet leader Nikita
Khrushchev agreed to
remove Soviet missiles
from Cuba, and the U.S.
agreed not to invade
Cuba.
Growing American Involvement
· The U.S. believed that if South Vietnam fell to the
communists, the rest of the nations in Southeast Asia would as
well in a theory called the domino theory.
· North Vietnam, led by
Ho Chi Minh, was
communist and backed
by the Soviet Union.
· South Vietnam, led by
Ngo Dinh Diem, was
democratic and backed
by the U.S.
Vietnam War
• French Colony
• 1st the Vietnamese fight a
war against the
imperialistic French.
• The US supports the
French
• Next the US fights
against the North to
contain communism
• US Loses
• Vietnam Communist
· Many South Vietnamese distrusted Diem and joined the
Vietcong, a communist guerilla group supported by North
Vietnam.
An
execution
of a
Vietcong
prisoner
Feb. 1,
1968
Video Clip: Platoon
The Uncertain Enemy
· Jungle warfare was
difficult, and it was hard to
locate the enemy.
· In addition, it was very
difficult to identify which
South Vietnamese were our
allies and which were
supporting the Vietcong.
Ex Vietcong showing secret
tunnels, November 7, 2004
Cold War Hotspots
• Civil War in Nicaragua/ Soviets Support
Daniel Ortega Communist Rebels the
Sandinistas overthrow the Somoza
Dictatorship.
• US supports Contra rebels trying to
overthrow Ortega
• War in Afghanistan Soviets overthrow
gov’t/US supports rebels against Soviets
• Chile: United States helps Gen. Augusto
Pinochet gain power throwing out the
democratic government. He killed and
tortured thousands
Cold War Policies
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US: Containment
Soviet Union: spread of Communism
CIA vs. KGB
Brezhnev Doctrine
Détente
Soviet split with China
SALT Treaty: Strategic Arms Limitations
Treaty I and II
Important Leaders of the Soviet
Union
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Lenin
Stalin
Khrushchev
Brezhnev
Gorbachev
Mikhail Gorbachev
• Promoted democratic
reforms
• Inspired Eastern
European nations to
overthrow the Soviets
• Glasnost:
openness/ability to
criticize the gov’t/ended
censorship/churches
opened
• Perestroika: economic
program similar to
Lenin’s NEP. Combined
capitalism and
communism
Perestroika
• Economic program
• Restructure failing state run (command)
economy
• Wanted to stimulate economic growth
• Wanted to motivate workers/ produce more
reliable consumer goods.
• Free market reforms
• Small privately owned businesses similar to
Lenin’s NEP/local managers more decision
making
• Problem: high inflation
Soviet problems
• Economic problems lead to political
problems
• Communism failed as an economic
system
• Underproduction/poor quality/ unable to
motivate workers
The Fall of The Soviet Union
• Causes
– Glasnost
– Perestroika
– Economic problems
– Freedom movement in Eastern Europe
– 92 nationalities and 112 languages spoken
– Ethnic conflicts
Fall of the Soviet Union 1991
• Effects
– Formation of the Commonwealth of
Independent Nations
– End of the Cold War
– Economic Hardships
– Minority revolts/civil conflicts
– Conflicts between pro-communist and pro
democratic groups
– Rise of Boris Yeltsin
December 1991 Collapse of
Soviet Union
• 15 Republics are formed
• Commonwealth of Independent States
(CIS)
• Boris Yeltsin Becomes President of Russia
• ‘Shock Therapy’ sharp switch from a
command to a market economy
The Yeltsin Era
• Switch too quickly to a market
economy/economic instability
• 1993/ 1994 hyperinflation 800%
• High unemployment
• Severe shortages/high crime
• Bombing of legislative Building
• 1991 War in Chechnya/demanded
independence/rebel battles/still going on today
• 1999 Replaced by Putin/new president former
KGB agent
Putin
• Economic reforms
• Continuation of the war in
Chechnya/Grozny capital destroyed
• Ethnic conflicts throughout Russia
Post Soviet Republics
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1989 Berlin Wall torn down.
1990 free elections in East and West Germany
Unification of Germany in 1990
Effects Of Reunification of Germany
• Leader Helmut Kohl taxed the Germans to modernize
East Germany
• West German Economy hurt by reunification
• Many West Germans resented East Germans
• Major recession
• Rise of Neo Nazis: 1970s 1980s guest workers/”Germany
for Germans”
• Gerhard Schroder elected Chancellor
Eastern Europe
• Czech Republic and Slovakia
• 1918 united Czech and Slovak lands into
Czechoslovakia
• 1989 freed from Soviet control
• President Vaclav Havel
• 1993 divided into Czech Republic and
Slovakia
Eastern Europe
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Poland
Solidarity: trade union that demanded freedoms
Led by Lech Walesa/arrested
1989 free elections
1990 Lech Walesa elected president
Economic problems similar to Russia
Shock therapy/communists gained seats in
parliament
• Walesa loses presidency to Aleksander
Kwasniekski
Eastern Europe
• Between 1989 to 1991 Hungary, Czechoslovakia,
Albania, and Bulgaria held free elections.
• Romania overthrew and executed their brutal president
Nicolae Ceausescu who refused to have free elections.
• In 1991 the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland joined
NATO.
• The former Soviet Republics of Ukraine, Belarus, and
Kazakhstan destroyed their nuclear weapons. Paid by
US.
• Chernobyl nuclear accident
• All eastern European nations as well as the Soviet
Republics had great difficulty switching from communism
to capitalism: high inflation and high unemployment.