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Palestine and the Mideast Crisis
Israel was founded as a Jewish state in
1948, but many Palestinian Arabs
refused to recognize it.
Palestine and the Mideast Crisis (cont.)
• After World War I, many Jews migrated to Palestine,
the area Zionists claimed to be their promised land. A
Zionist is a person who wants Palestine to be a home
for the Jews.
• In 1947 the United Nations declared that Palestine
should be divided into a Jewish state, called Israel, and
an Arab state, called Palestine. (Balfour Declaration)
• The Muslim neighbors invaded the new Jewish state.
The invasion was unsuccessful,
but the Arab states still refused to
recognize the state of Israel.
Arab-Israeli Disputes
Egypt: Nasser and Pan-Arabism
• After coming to power in Egypt, Gamal
Abdel Nasser seized control of the Suez
Canal Company, which was controlled by
Great Britain and France, starting the Suez
War of 1956.
• The United States and the Soviet Union both
supported Egypt, forcing Great Britain,
France, and Israel to withdraw.
• After the war, Nasser promoted PanArabism, hoping to unite all Arabic-speaking
peoples.
The Arab-Israeli Dispute
• The conflict between Israel and other states
in the Middle East continued to escalate, and
in 1967 Egypt imposed a blockade against
Israeli shipping through the Suez Canal.
• As a result what became known as the the
Six-Day War, Israel seized the Sinai
Peninsula, territory on the West Bank of
Jordan, and the Golan Heights, tripling the
size of its territory.
Modern Middle East
The Arab-Israeli Dispute
• In 1973 Egypt and Syria led a surprise attack
on Israel during the Jewish holiday of Yom
Kippur. In connection with the war, the
Organization of Oil Producing Countries
(OPEC) announced large price increases to
foreign countries, leading to serious oil
shortages and economic problems in the
West.
The Arab-Israeli Dispute (cont.)
• In 1978 U.S. president Jimmy Carter met
with Egyptian President Anwar el-Sadat
and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin
at Camp David in the United States.
• The result was the Camp David Accords,
an agreement to sign an Israeli-Egyptian
peace treaty and commitment of the Israeli
withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula.
The PLO and the Intifida
• In 1964 the Palestinian Liberation Organization
(PLO) was formed to represent Palestinian interests.
• PLO political leader Yasir Arafat began to launch
terrorist attacks in Israeli territory
• By the 1980s, Palestinian Arabs became
increasingly frustrated at failure to achieve self rule,
led to a movement called the intifada
• With US help in the Oslo Peace Accords of 1993,
Israel agreed that the PLO would control a semiindependent area. In return, the PLO recognized the
Israeli state.
Revolution in Iran
• Iran experienced an Islamic revolution after
the country became rich from oil revenues.
• Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini led an
opposition that caused the government to
collapse.
Revolution in Iran (cont.)
•
In 1979 Khomeini implemented an Islamic republic and
restored Islamic law. Anti-American sentiments erupted
when militants seized 52 Americans and held them
hostage in the U.S. embassy for over a year. (known
throughout history as the Iranian Hostage Crisis)
•
After Khomeini’s death, some Iranians pushed for
reforms, and in 2005 a new president, Mahmoud
Ahmadinejad, was elected.
Iraq’s Aggression
• Saddam Hussein led Iraq beginning in
1979.
• Iran and Iraq have long had a tense
relationship. Iranians are mostly Shia
Muslims, and Iraqi leaders under Saddam
Hussein were mostly Sunni Muslims.
• Hussein waged a brutal war against Iran in
1980. The war ended with a cease-fire in
1988.
Iraq’s Aggression (cont.)
• In 1990 Hussein sent troops to seize
Kuwait, located at the head of the Persian
Gulf. (Persian Gulf War)
• The United States led the international
coalition that freed Kuwait and hoped that
Hussein would be overthrown.
Afghanistan and the Taliban
• In 1979 the Soviets invaded Afghanistan and
occupied the country for 10 years. The United
States and Pakistan supported anti-Communist
rebels, such as the Taliban, who eventually
ousted the Soviet Union.
• The Taliban took control of Kabul in 1996, and
two years later controlled two-thirds of
Afghanistan.
• The Taliban provided support for Osama bin
Laden and al-Qaeda, which recruited Muslims
to drive Westerners out of Muslim nations.
Afghanistan and the Taliban (cont.)
• Osama bin Laden led the attacks of
September 11, 2001, in the United States.
The United States retaliated by leading a
coalition of forces against the Taliban in
Afghanistan.
• The Taliban was replaced in 2001, by a
moderate government, which still faces
warfare among tribal groups and a revival of
Taliban forces.
The War in Iraq
• In 2002 U.S. president George Bush
threatened to remove Saddam Hussein on
the grounds that Iraq had chemical and
biological weapons of mass destruction.
• In 2003 a mainly U.S.-led army invaded Iraq
and captured Saddam Hussein.
• Saddam Hussein’s supporters, foreign
terrorists, and Islamic militants all battled the
American-led forces.
The War in Iraq (cont.)
• A new Iraqi government was formed in 2005,
but has been unable to create a unified state
for the Shia Muslims, Sunni Muslims, and
ethnic Kurds.
• In 2007 President Bush called for an
increase of U.S. soldiers to help end the
violence in Iraq.