Download American Imperialism and Progressivism

American Imperialism and
Progressivism
1890-1912
What is Imperialism?
Root word is Empire.
► An empire is a powerful nation
with powerful leadership that
seeks to acquire and control
weaker nations.
► Sometimes the more powerful
nations allow the weaker
nations to rule themselves [ex.
Ancient Rome].
► Most of the time the Empire
assimilates the weaker nation
into the Empire and forces it
into submission [ex. Soviet
Union].
►
American “Imperialism”
►
Some Americans believed it was the
U.S. government’s duty to save
foreign countries from themselves
[religiously and economically].
►
Reverend Josiah Strong preached
►
Former U.S. Navy officer Alfred
Mahan believed the U.S. should
build and maintain a powerful navy
to assert world dominance. Mahan
gave many examples of world
powers who used such a tactic.
►
Despite the above mentioned
reasons many people believed the
principal reason for U.S. imperialism
was expansion of U.S. markets
for sale of finished goods and
acquisition of natural resources.
that “we must Christianize them,” by
spreading our values to the
“backward” people of the world.
Alfred Mahan
James G. Blaine’s Big Sister Policy
►
Blaine was U.S. Secretary of
State [for the second time] from
1889-1892.
►
He wanted the U.S. to “rally”
Latin American countries to the
side of the United States.
►
Acting as a “Big Sister” the U.S.
could open up markets to buy
cheap goods and sell finished
goods to them.
►
Big Businesses in the U.S. would
benefit.
Queen Liliuokalani
►
In the Far East in the Pacific Ocean region the Hawaiian Islands were
close enough to be reached by the U.S. rather quickly by steam ship.
►
American settlers and planters [large farm holders] wanted Hawaii
annexed into the United States.
►
Hawaii’s queen did not agree with total U.S. control. However, U.S.
military forces supported the U.S. business actions and Hawaii became
a U.S. controlled territory [became last U.S. state in 1959].
USS Maine
►
►
►
►
►
►
A U.S. warship sent to Havana Harbor in Cuba to protect U.S.
interests in 1898.
Cuba at the time was a Spanish possession.
There was tension between the U.S. and Spain because Spain held
territories within the United States’ sphere of influence.
Aboard the USS Maine were tons of explosives that were not tightly
guarded or secured.
A huge explosion occurred killing at least 266 U.S. personnel.
U.S. newspaper articles speculated that Spain had sunk the ship. The
U.S. declared war on Spain and defeated her within 113 days.
American Jingoism
►
Emboldened by American war hawks
and sensationalist newspapers
America became more aggressive
militarily.
►
America entered into a policy of
jingoism that stressed U.S. military
power and territorial expansion
abroad.
►
The immediate result was the
acquisition of Puerto Rico, Cuba,
Guam and the Philippines from
the Spanish-American War.
►
What’s the problem with this policy?
►
The U.S. will have more enemies
and envious competitors
The Teller Amendment and Cuba
►
►
►
President McKinley sought authority [War Message] from Congress to
attack Spain as revenge for the USS Maine.
Senator Teller of Colorado added an amendment to the war
declaration that would forbid the U.S. from establishing a permanent
colony in Cuba.
Cuba would be liberated and allowed to be an independent nation.
Take out your sheet of paper with the 24
questions from Chapters 27-29.
Please wait for further instructions.
The Rough Riders
►
►
►
Due to the destruction and low morale created by the U.S. Civil War the
U.S. Military [especially the army] had very low numbers.
In order to field a force able to battle Spain in the so-called SpanishAmerican War more than 1,000 volunteers were called to duty by
President McKinley.
Former NYC police commissioner and state legislator Theodore Roosevelt
was selected as second in command of the 1st Cavalry Brigade.
Teddy Roosevelt
The Rough Riders
►
Many of the soldiers were very
experienced.
►
Veterans of the U.S. Civil War
and Western Indian Wars were
eager to see action in Cuba.
►
The group included gamblers,
army veterans, hunters, Buffalo
soldiers, Native-Americans and
college students.
►
Within weeks of their arrival in
Cuba the Rough Riders were
triumphant in key battles
including the famous and decisive
Battle of San Juan Hill.
►
Their exploits enabled the U.S. to
Lt. Colonel Roosevelt
►
Cuban citizens had long fought
against Spanish rule of the island
nation.
►
Many Cuban émigrés fled to the
United States and received sympathy
and support. The poet Jose Marti was
also wary of U.S. control of the island.
►
4 years after its liberation from Spain
the United States granted Cuba its
independence.
►
The Platt Amendment passed by
Congress in 1901 allowed the U.S. to
maintain a naval base at Guantanamo
Bay.
Cuba
Cuban Revolutionary Jose Marti
Enter T.R. [Theodore Roosevelt]
►
After his exploits as Rough Rider, NYS
legislator, author, explorer, big game
hunter, NYC Police Commissioner and
governor of NYS he was selected as
McKinley’s running mate in 1900.
►
McKinley was assassinated on
September 14, 1901 elevating
Roosevelt to president of the United
States.
►
Immediately after Roosevelt became
president the international image of
the United States changed. Roosevelt
introduced the concept of Big Stick
Diplomacy.
Big Stick Diplomacy
To assert and maintain control of the American sphere of influence
President Teddy Roosevelt used what he called Big Stick Diplomacy.
► His motto [borrowed from ad old African proverb was “speak softly and
carry a big stick.”]
► The metaphor was meant to clearly state his intent to carry out a foreign
policy based on strong military action when needed to support U.S.
interests. Echoing Alfred Mahan’s opinion that a strong navy would aid
this mission the U.S. Navy was essential to projecting U.S. power.
►
Focus Groups
►
Assemble into groups of no more than 4 students.
►
Elect a group leader and time keeper.
►
As a group take 7-8 minutes to decide which 3-4 questions
or issues your group will discuss. Spend about 6-7 minutes
on each question or issue your group decides to raise.
►
Time keeper will make sure the time limits are followed.
►
Group leader will make sure group members stay “focused”
and stick to the questions, issues and that each group
member takes turns.
The Panama Canal
►
The Panama Canal was completed after
a long and dangerous 10 year
construction.
►
France had earlier failed miserably in its
attempt to build the Canal.
►
Many people died during the long,
tedious and dangerous construction.
►
THE PURPOSE OF THE CANAL WAS TO
ENSURE THAT MARKETS IN SOUTH
AMERICA AND ASIA WOULD BE
OPENED TO THE UNITED STATES.
►
The Panama Canal shortened shipping
time and distance between the U.S. and
Latin America as well as Asia.
The Roosevelt Corollary
►
Roosevelt built onto the foreign
policy established by President
Monroe.
►
The Monroe Doctrine asserted
the U.S. would respond militarily
if European powers interfered in
the Caribbean and Latin America.
►
Roosevelt added that the U.S.
would intervene by force, if
necessary, into the affairs of
Caribbean nations if they could
not pay debts or posed a threat
to U.S. interests.
Gentleman’s Agreement of 1907
►
In order to satisfy the desires
of nativists in California the
U.S. and Japan agreed to cease
Japanese immigration to the
U.S.
►
This policy was intended to
soothe tensions between the 2
nations.
►
In exchange the U.S. would
guarantee favorable trade with
Japan.
Progressivism
►
►
►
►
Root word of progressivism is Progress.
At the turn of the 20th Century many concerned Americans wanted to
reform “monopoly, corruption, inefficiency and social injustice.”
By using the power of government the lives of United States citizens
and new immigrants could be improved.
Improving the everyday lives of people in the United States was seen
as Progress.
Jacob Riis and his Photos
►
Jacob Riis was an immigrant from Denmark.
►
He was a photo-journalist [photographer who
told stories with photos] for New York City
newspapers.
►
He told thousands of photos showing how
immigrants lived in squalor [horrible poverty],
and unsafe/unsanitary conditions.
►
In 1890 he published a collection of his
photos titled How the Other Half Lives
showing how the poorest of the urban poor
lived. Americans were outraged!
Focus Groups
►
Assemble into groups of no more than 4 students.
►
Elect a group leader and time keeper.
►
As a group take 7-8 minutes to decide which 3-4 questions
or issues your group will discuss. Spend about 6-7 minutes
on each question or issue your group decides to raise.
►
Time keeper will make sure the time limits are followed.
►
Group leader will make sure group members stay “focused”
and stick to the questions, issues and that each group
member takes turns.
Muck and Muckrakers
►
►
►
►
►
►
Muck is another word for dirt, slime and
filth.
During the late Gilded Age and expansion
of industrialization courageous journalists
wrote scathing, stinging rebukes of certain
businesses.
These writers were said to stir up muck or
dirt by exposing corruption or injustice.
Ida Tarbell a journalist [reporter] writer
based out of New York wrote dozens of
investigative reports about the tactics of
the Standard Oil Company.
Her newspaper was threatened with
lawsuits several times but due to good fact
checking no lawsuits were ever successful.
Many people believed the stories were
instrumental in the passage of the
Sherman Anti-Trust Act that broke up
the oil trust.
Muck and Muckrakers
►
Novelist Upton Sinclair, another
muckraker, wrote about the scandalously
organized meat packing industry.
►
His best selling book The Jungle
detailed how unsafe working conditions
in the meat packing industry that
burdened mostly immigrant workers.
►
His tales of extremely poor sanitation
conditions threatened the lives of
consumers who ate products often
housed among rodents, roaches and
other vermin.
►
As a result, shortly after the novel was
released, the FDA [Food and Drug
Administration] was founded to protect
food safety.
The Square Deal
►
►
►
►
►
President Theodore Roosevelt was outraged by The Jungle.
Roosevelt ordered review of all major business industries and wanted to install
tighter government control to prevent abuse by Big Business.
Roosevelt’s solution was to unveil a domestic policy called the Square Deal
predicated on environmental conservation, consumer protection and
trust busting.
Many citizens doubted he could control the immense power of companies such
as U.S. Steel and Standard Oil.
Many new anti-trust regulations were passed during and after his
administration and millions of acres of forest were saved by national parks.
Dollar Diplomacy
►
Roosevelt decided not to run for reelection in 1908.
►
His protégé William Howard Taft won
the 1908 election.
►
Taft decided to maintain U.S. foreign
policy influence by using financial
resources to bribe, loan or prop up
failing Caribbean nations.
►
The use of military force was
minimized compared to the Monroe
Doctrine and Roosevelt Corollary.
Woodrow Wilson
►
Elected president of the United
States in 1912 after the one term
failure of Republican William Howard
Taft.
►
He was a well known and influential
professor and president at the
prestigious Princeton University.
►
During the crowded 1912 election he
received 41% of the popular vote
among 5 candidates.
►
The Electoral College gave him a
majority enabling him to secure the
presidency against the incumbent
Taft and former president Teddy
Roosevelt.
The Bull-Moose Campaign
►
Teddy Roosevelt after sitting out the 1908
presidential campaign hated what Taft had
done to the Republican party and the U.S.
►
Roosevelt could not wrest the Republican
nomination but ran as a Progressive party
candidate to promote reform.
►
His platform was based on tighter federal
regulation to control powerful trusts.
►
Monopolies run by Morgan, Rockefeller
and Carnegie needed to be busted up
according to Roosevelt.
►
The progressive party got its nick name
Bull-Moose because of a quote from
Roosevelt saying he was as “fit as a
moose” after being shot by a would be
assassin giving a speech in Milwaukee.
Wilson and Reform
►
Throughout Wilson’s entire first term
he was berated in the press by
Roosevelt for not being tough on Big
Business.
►
In response to criticism from the
former president he fought to lower
tariffs that decreased competition
from cheaper foreign goods and
enabled U.S. businesses to make
enormous profits at the expense of
U.S. consumers.
►
Wilson also reversed the U.S.
reliance on Dollar diplomacy.
►
In doing so Wilson made enemies of
large U.S. banks who made fortunes
lending money to foreign countries.
Wilson’s Policies
►
►
►
►
►
►
Wilson was more flexible in his foreign policy than Roosevelt.
He pushed for freedom for the Philippines with the Jones Act which allowed for
independence as soon they developed a stable government [1946].
However, he sent troops to Haiti in 1916 to stabilize political unrest.
His most controversial policy was isolationism which stressed a stance of noninvolvement in European wars.
After German aggression against France and England many people in Europe
called for U.S. entrance into the unfolding Great War [World War I].
The ocean liner R.M.S. Lusitania was sunk by a German u-boat in May of 1915
testing his isolationist stance after more than 100 Americans were killed. Many
Americans called for revenge. The did not enter the War.
Create answers for questions Chapter 29
►
Two questions to present to class.
►
Create 4 groups, select 2 questions per group.
►
Each group member should provide some input for class.
Image sources
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
http://www.rome.info/ancient/map/ancientmap.gif
http://www.map.primorye.ru/raster/maps/commonwealth/soviet_union_admin_1984.jpg
http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h48056k.jpg
http://cedarconsulting.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/latin_america.gif
http://wrscoldwar.pbworks.com/f/WreckMaineMil270.jpg
http://smartregion.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/USS-Maine.jpg
http://www.cartoonstock.com/lowres/csl0318l.jpg
http://www.old-picture.com/mathew-brady-studio/pictures/President-McKinley.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RoughRiders.jpeg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Col_roosevelt_rough_rider.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Liberators_of_Cuba.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Theodore_Roosevelt_circa_1902.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LocationCuba.svg
http://www.bobbyrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/panama-canal.jpg
http://centralamerica.com/panama/graphics/mapcanal.gif
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roosevelt_monroe_Doctrine_cartoon.jpg
http://media-1.web.britannica.com/eb-media/96/126396-003-AAA22BA3.gif
http://www.thepublicprofessor.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Homeless-person.jpg
http://whitewraithe.files.wordpress.com/2010/09/middle_class_0226.jpg
http://www.noonewatching.com/archives/2007/09/ida%20tarbell-thumb.jpeg
http://www.bobfelton.com/images/upton_sinclair.jpg
http://www.mentalfloss.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/08/435_squaredea%3Bl.jpg
http://www.veteranstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Big-Business.jpg
http://www.thoughtsfromaconservativemom.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/woodrow-wilson-008.jpg