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THE COLD WAR
UNIT 7
Chapter 26 – The Cold War
Chapter 29 – The Kennedy &
Johnson Years
Presidents of the
United States
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George Washington; Federalist (1788)
John Adams; Federalist (1796)
Thomas Jefferson (1800)
James Madison (1808)
James Monroe (1816)
John Quincy Adams (1824)
Andrew Jackson; Democrat (1828)
Martin Van Buren; Democrat (1836)
William Henry Harrison; Whig (1840)
John Tyler; Whig (1841)
James K. Polk; Democrat (1844)
Zachary Taylor; Whig (1848)
Millard Fillmore; Whig (1850)
Franklin Pierce; Democrat (1852)
James Buchanan; Democrat (1856)
Abraham Lincoln; Republican (1860)
Andrew Johnson; Democrat (1865)
Ulysses S. Grant; Republican (1868)
Rutherford B. Hayes; Republican (1876)
James Garfield; Republican (1880)
#21 - …
Chester A. Arthur; Republican (1881)
Grover Cleveland; Democrat (1884)
Benjamin Harrison; Republican (1888)
Grover Cleveland; Democrat (1892)
William McKinley; Republican (1896)
Theodore Roosevelt; Republican (1901)
William Howard Taft; Republican (1908)
Woodrow Wilson; Democrat (1912)
Warren G. Harding; Republican (1920)
Calvin Coolidge; Republican (1923)
Herbert Hoover; Republican (1928)
Franklin D. Roosevelt; Democrat (1932)
Harry S. Truman; Democrat (1945)
Dwight D. Eisenhower; Republican (1952)
John F. Kennedy; Democrat (1960)
Lyndon B. Johnson; Democrat (1963)
America: Pathways to the Present
Chapter 26: The Cold War (1945–1960)
Section 1: Origins of the Cold War
Section 2: The Cold War Heats Up
Section 3: The Korean War
Section 4: The Continuing Cold War
OBJECTIVES
 CORE
OBJECTIVE: Analyze the origins of the Cold War
and evaluate the presidential foreign policies during the Cold War.
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Objective 10.1: How did the differing postwar goals of the Soviet Union and the
United States lead to the Cold War?
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Objective 10.2: How did the goals of containment influence
events in the late 1940’s?
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Objective 10.3: Explain the Causes and effects of the Korean War.
Objective 10.4: Describe characteristics of the McCarthy Era.
Objective 10.5: Describe the domestic programs pursued by President Kennedy.
Objective 10.6: Describe the foreign policy Cold War crises that occurred during
Kennedy’s presidency.
Objective 10.7: Explain the goals and effects of President Johnson’s domestic
programs.
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THE COLD WAR
HEATS UP
CHAPTER 26 SECTION 2
The Marshall Plan
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The United States wanted to help European nations recover
from the war and become economically strong democracies.
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The Marshall Plan was created in 1947 by U.S. Secretary of
State George C. Marshall as a means to achieve these goals.
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It also wanted to prevent Communists from continuing to gain power in Europe.
According to the Marshall Plan, participating nations would design recovery
programs and would receive financial aid from the United States.
Seventeen Western European nations joined the plan,
receiving a total of $13 billion in aid.
The Berlin Airlift
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As part of the postwar division of Germany, the city of
Berlin, located in Communist East Germany, was divided into
West Berlin (capitalist) and East Berlin (Communist).
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In June 1948, Stalin banned all shipments to West Berlin through East
Germany, creating a blockade which threatened to cut off supplies to
the city.
In response, Allied nations began the Berlin airlift, which
delivered thousands of tons of food and other supplies to
West Berlin via air.
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Although the Soviet blockade ended in May 1949, Berlin remained a
focal point of Cold War conflict.
NATO
Why create a treaty organization?
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Soviet vetoes prevented the United Nations
from resolving a number of postwar
problems.
What was NATO?
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The North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO) was formed
in April 1949.
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The United States sought to avoid the
problems of post–World War I
isolationism.
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The United States did not want to be the
only nation in the Western Hemisphere
committed to fighting communism. A
Canadian role in the treaty organization
would be vital.
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In joining NATO, the United States,
Canada, and ten Western European
nations pledged to support one
another against attack, a principle
known as collective security.
In response, the Soviet Union
created the Warsaw Pact, a
military alliance between the Soviet
Union and its satellite nations.
Communist Advances
The Soviet Atomic Threat
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In September 1949, Truman announced that
the Soviet Union had successfully tested an
atomic bomb.
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In response, the United States began
developing the even more powerful hydrogen
bomb, reestablishing itself as the world’s
leading nuclear power.
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The newly formed Federal Civil Defense
Administration distributed information on
how to survive a nuclear attack; this
information was ridiculed by experts.
China Falls to the Communists
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During World War II, competing
factions in China had cooperated, but
fighting between them resumed towards
the end of the war.
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At first, the United States supported
Nationalist leader Jiang Jieshi against
Communist Mao Zedong. However, the
United States later decided to focus on
Western Europe instead.
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Many Americans viewed Mao Zedong’s
creation of a Communist state in China
as a failure of Truman’s policies.
The Cold War at Home
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During the late 1940s, fear of Communist spies created a climate of
suspicion in the United States.
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The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) began
investigating Hollywood personalities who the committee claimed, had
Communist leanings.
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Truman established a federal employee loyalty program in 1947, checking the
backgrounds of all new and existing federal employees.
When one group, known as the Hollywood Ten, refused to answer HUAC’s questions,
they were cited for contempt of Congress and imprisoned.
Hollywood studios compiled a blacklist, a list circulated to employers
naming persons who should not be hired.
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Blacklisted individuals came from all sections of the industry and included anyone who
seemed subversive.
The Cold War at Home
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Fueled by fears of disloyal immigrants from Communist
countries, the 1952 McCarran-Walter Act reestablished the
immigration quota system from 1924.
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This act discriminated against potential immigrants from Asia and
Southern and Central Europe.
Two famous spy cases reinforced fears that Soviet spies in the
United States were sharing American secrets with foreign
Communists.
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These were the cases of Alger Hiss and of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg.
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Alger Hiss was a former government employee sent to prison for four years for
lying to a federal grand jury on espionage. (1950)
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The Rosenbergs were executed for being communist spies in 1953
The Cold War Heats Up—
Assessment
Which of these phrases best describes NATO?
(A) A collective security pact between the United States, Canada, and
Western European nations
(B) A military alliance between the USSR and its satellite nations
(C) A U.S.-sponsored program for postwar recovery
(D) A regional group within the United Nations
Which of these was a result of HUAC’s investigation of the movie industry?
(A) Hollywood approved many scripts that dealt with controversial
social problems.
(B) Many Hollywood personalities were blacklisted.
(C) The McCarran-Walter Act was passed.
(D) Pro-Soviet movies became popular.
The Cold War Heats Up—
Assessment
Which of these phrases best describes NATO?
(A) A collective security pact between the United States, Canada, and
Western European nations
(B) A military alliance between the USSR and its satellite nations
(C) A U.S.-sponsored program for postwar recovery
(D) A regional group within the United Nations
Which of these was a result of HUAC’s investigation of the movie industry?
(A) Hollywood approved many scripts that dealt with controversial
social problems.
(B) Many Hollywood personalities were blacklisted.
(C) The McCarran-Walter Act was passed.
(D) Pro-Soviet movies became popular.