Download Organization and Regulation of Human Body Systems Circulatory, Respiratory, Immune, Integumentary

Organization and Regulation
of Human Body Systems
Circulatory, Respiratory, Immune,
Integumentary
Blood is fluid connective tissue,
3 types of blood cells(Formed Elements) are suspended
in fluid called plasma
• Erythrocytes: RBC, Transport O2, and CO2 don’t have
nuclei are biconcave, most abundant. Have
hemoglobin protein.
• Leukocytes: WBC, nave nucleus, are translucent,
fight infection. Many types with specific functions.
Most diverse:
you should know the role of: Mast Cells, Phagocytes (Macrophages) B-cells, Tcells, APC and Cytotoxic-T). Make immune proteins like antibodies
• Thrombocytes: platelets are responsible for blood
clotting. Make proteins involved in forming a blood
clot.
Two cardiovascular pathways
What are the two cardiovascular pathways in the
body?
•
Pulmonary circuit: the right
side of the body that brings
blood from the body to the heart
and the lungs
•
Systemic circuit: the left side of
the heart that brings blood to
the entire body to deliver
nutrients and rid it of wastes
•
3 Types of Vessels
•
Veins: return blood to
heart
•
Arteries: carries blood to
the heart
•
Capillaries: exchange
Functions of Cardiovascular System :
1. Transport and exchange of gases:
 Carries oxygen from lungs to tissues.
 Removes CO2 from tissues and releases it in lungs.
2. Transport nutrients (from digestive system to cells)
3. Transport hormones (from glands to target cells).
4. Transport metabolic waste (to excretory organs)
5. Defense against infection by pathogens.
6. Regulates water and ion balance.
7. Distribution of metabolic heat and maintenance of
body temperature.
Anatomy of the Heart
4 chambers
2 Atrium (Plural atria): Smaller,
superior chambers. Receive blood
from veins.
2 Ventricle: Larger, inferior chambers.
Pump blood into arteries.
4 valves to control backflow of blood
Two sides of heart have different functions:
Right side:
Pumps deoxygenated blood to the
Pulmonary circuit.
Enter through vena cava leaves from
Pulmonary Artery
Left side:
Pumps oxygen rich blood to the systemic
circuit.
Blood enter through the Pulmonary vein
and leaves through the Aorta.
Pacemaker of the heart Controls Cardiac Rhythm
SA Node is the heart’s pacemaker.
The nervous system controls the SA node.
Specifically it’s the Pons and Medullla in the braine that regulates heart
and breathing rates.
Heart beats every 0.8 sec (or 72 bpm) called the pulse.
 P wave, both atria contract
 QRS wave both ventricles contract
 T-wave is in between contractions
 The heart beats every 0.8 sec
 Pulse at rest is 72 bpm
Blood Pressure: Pressure inside the artery
a. Systolic over Diastolic (S/D)
systolic is 120 mmHg (occurs during contraction)
diastolic is 80 mmHg (occurs in between contraction)
b. Normal blood pressure is 120/80mmHg
Pulse: The number of times the heart beats per
minute. Normal is 72 bpm.
Hypertension: High blood pressure.
Over 20% of U.S. population suffers from blood pressures over
160/95. Heart must work harder to overcome resistance.
Silent killer: May have few or no symptoms.
May result in strokes, heart attacks, aneurysms, ischemia (insufficient blood supply
to heart) and arteriosclerosis.
Risk factors: Heredity, obesity, high salt intake, black race (relative risk 2), smoking,
stress, diet high in fat, and lack of exercise.
The alveoli are the fundamental units of
respiratory system
~ 300 million in the lungs that
greatly increase surface area
Alveoli are enveloped by blood
capillaries
The alveoli and capillaries are
one layer of epithelium to allow
exchange of gases
Alveoli are lined with surfactant
that act as a film to keep alveoli
open
9.4 Mechanism of breathing Exhalation
Inhalation
 The diaphragm and intercostal
muscles contract
 The diaphragm flattens and the rib
cage moves upward and outward
 Volume of the thoracic cavity and
lungs increase
 The air pressure within the lungs
decrease
 Air flows out of the lungs
The diaphragm and intercostal
muscles relax
The diaphragm moves upward and
becomes dome-shape
The rib cage moves downward and
inward
Volume of the thoracic cavity and
lungs decrease
The air pressure within the lungs
increases
Air flows into the lungs
Lymphatic System
Defenses Against Infection
can be specific or nonspecific
Integumentary System:
Human Skin
1st line of defence
•
Body’s largest organ. Creates an
impermeable barrier.
•
Two layers
– Upper epidermis
– Lower dermis
•
Glands secrete sweat (salty and acidic)
to deter bacteria.
•
Hairs sense what is on the surface
•
Pain, and touch receptors detect
temperature, pain, cuts and abrasions.
4.7 Integumentary system
What you need to know about skin
cancer?
•
2 of the 3 types that arise in the epidermis:
•
•
•
Basal cell carcinoma is the most common yet least deadly
form of skin cancer
Melanoma is the most deadly form of skin cancer but is the
least common
What can you do to help prevent this?
•
•
•
•
Stay out of the sun between 10am-3pm
Wear protective clothing (tight weave, treated sunglasses,
wide-brimmed hat)
Use sunscreen with an SPF of at least 15 and protects from
UV-A and UV-B rays
Don’t use tanning beds
What might skin cancer look like?
Cancer is uncontrollable cell division, specifically Mitosis
Arises in cells called basal
keratinocytes in the deepest
layer of the epidermis.
Basal cell carcinoma relies
on the surrounding
supportive tissue to grow.
Least likely to metastasize
through blood vessels or
lymphatics.
Arises in melanocytes, or
pigment-producing cells, in
the skin. Melanoma can
spread to other areas of the
body, or metastasize.
2nd line of defence: Inflammatory Response: Nonspecific Defenses
1. Damaged cells cause MAST CELLS to release chemical signals: Histamine and other
molecules.
2. Histamine stimulate “vasodilation”:
 Increase in local blood flow and vascular permeability
 Redness, Heat
 Swelling, Pain
3. Phagocytic white blood cells come into area, they eat other cells: Engulf bacteria,
dead cell parts, and other microbes.
4. Tissue heals
Development of Tand BLymphocytes
T cells begin bone
But mature in thymus
cytotoxic-T: kill other cells
Helper-T: communicate
and orchestrate immune
response
B cells begin and mature
in bone
make antibodies
3rd Line of Defense: SPECIFIC Immune Response
Antigen: Molecule that elicits the production of an antibody.
Antibody: Protein found in blood plasma that attaches to antigen and
helps counteract its effects. Made by B-cells
Vaccination or Immunization: Process in which harmless forms of
antigen or pathogen are introduced into body to provoke an immune
response.
Passive vs Active immunity.
T-helper cells play a central role in immunity
HIV destroys your T-helper cells
Role of Helper-T cells in immunity
HIV destroys your T-helper cells
T cells (APC, cytoxic-T and Helper T )and B cells:


APC is a phagocyte, it presents antigens to be read by Helper T cells
Helper Tcells: control immune functions of other cells:
Recruits B-cell to increases antibody production
 Increases phagocytosis by macrophages.
 Recruits Cytotoxic T-cells to killing of foreign and cancer cells.
cytotoxic T cells: kills foreign or infected cells:
B cells: make antibodies to the antigens
