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Organization and Regulation of Human Body Systems Circulatory, Respiratory, Immune, Integumentary Blood is fluid connective tissue, 3 types of blood cells(Formed Elements) are suspended in fluid called plasma • Erythrocytes: RBC, Transport O2, and CO2 don’t have nuclei are biconcave, most abundant. Have hemoglobin protein. • Leukocytes: WBC, nave nucleus, are translucent, fight infection. Many types with specific functions. Most diverse: you should know the role of: Mast Cells, Phagocytes (Macrophages) B-cells, Tcells, APC and Cytotoxic-T). Make immune proteins like antibodies • Thrombocytes: platelets are responsible for blood clotting. Make proteins involved in forming a blood clot. Two cardiovascular pathways What are the two cardiovascular pathways in the body? • Pulmonary circuit: the right side of the body that brings blood from the body to the heart and the lungs • Systemic circuit: the left side of the heart that brings blood to the entire body to deliver nutrients and rid it of wastes • 3 Types of Vessels • Veins: return blood to heart • Arteries: carries blood to the heart • Capillaries: exchange Functions of Cardiovascular System : 1. Transport and exchange of gases: Carries oxygen from lungs to tissues. Removes CO2 from tissues and releases it in lungs. 2. Transport nutrients (from digestive system to cells) 3. Transport hormones (from glands to target cells). 4. Transport metabolic waste (to excretory organs) 5. Defense against infection by pathogens. 6. Regulates water and ion balance. 7. Distribution of metabolic heat and maintenance of body temperature. Anatomy of the Heart 4 chambers 2 Atrium (Plural atria): Smaller, superior chambers. Receive blood from veins. 2 Ventricle: Larger, inferior chambers. Pump blood into arteries. 4 valves to control backflow of blood Two sides of heart have different functions: Right side: Pumps deoxygenated blood to the Pulmonary circuit. Enter through vena cava leaves from Pulmonary Artery Left side: Pumps oxygen rich blood to the systemic circuit. Blood enter through the Pulmonary vein and leaves through the Aorta. Pacemaker of the heart Controls Cardiac Rhythm SA Node is the heart’s pacemaker. The nervous system controls the SA node. Specifically it’s the Pons and Medullla in the braine that regulates heart and breathing rates. Heart beats every 0.8 sec (or 72 bpm) called the pulse. P wave, both atria contract QRS wave both ventricles contract T-wave is in between contractions The heart beats every 0.8 sec Pulse at rest is 72 bpm Blood Pressure: Pressure inside the artery a. Systolic over Diastolic (S/D) systolic is 120 mmHg (occurs during contraction) diastolic is 80 mmHg (occurs in between contraction) b. Normal blood pressure is 120/80mmHg Pulse: The number of times the heart beats per minute. Normal is 72 bpm. Hypertension: High blood pressure. Over 20% of U.S. population suffers from blood pressures over 160/95. Heart must work harder to overcome resistance. Silent killer: May have few or no symptoms. May result in strokes, heart attacks, aneurysms, ischemia (insufficient blood supply to heart) and arteriosclerosis. Risk factors: Heredity, obesity, high salt intake, black race (relative risk 2), smoking, stress, diet high in fat, and lack of exercise. The alveoli are the fundamental units of respiratory system ~ 300 million in the lungs that greatly increase surface area Alveoli are enveloped by blood capillaries The alveoli and capillaries are one layer of epithelium to allow exchange of gases Alveoli are lined with surfactant that act as a film to keep alveoli open 9.4 Mechanism of breathing Exhalation Inhalation The diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract The diaphragm flattens and the rib cage moves upward and outward Volume of the thoracic cavity and lungs increase The air pressure within the lungs decrease Air flows out of the lungs The diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax The diaphragm moves upward and becomes dome-shape The rib cage moves downward and inward Volume of the thoracic cavity and lungs decrease The air pressure within the lungs increases Air flows into the lungs Lymphatic System Defenses Against Infection can be specific or nonspecific Integumentary System: Human Skin 1st line of defence • Body’s largest organ. Creates an impermeable barrier. • Two layers – Upper epidermis – Lower dermis • Glands secrete sweat (salty and acidic) to deter bacteria. • Hairs sense what is on the surface • Pain, and touch receptors detect temperature, pain, cuts and abrasions. 4.7 Integumentary system What you need to know about skin cancer? • 2 of the 3 types that arise in the epidermis: • • • Basal cell carcinoma is the most common yet least deadly form of skin cancer Melanoma is the most deadly form of skin cancer but is the least common What can you do to help prevent this? • • • • Stay out of the sun between 10am-3pm Wear protective clothing (tight weave, treated sunglasses, wide-brimmed hat) Use sunscreen with an SPF of at least 15 and protects from UV-A and UV-B rays Don’t use tanning beds What might skin cancer look like? Cancer is uncontrollable cell division, specifically Mitosis Arises in cells called basal keratinocytes in the deepest layer of the epidermis. Basal cell carcinoma relies on the surrounding supportive tissue to grow. Least likely to metastasize through blood vessels or lymphatics. Arises in melanocytes, or pigment-producing cells, in the skin. Melanoma can spread to other areas of the body, or metastasize. 2nd line of defence: Inflammatory Response: Nonspecific Defenses 1. Damaged cells cause MAST CELLS to release chemical signals: Histamine and other molecules. 2. Histamine stimulate “vasodilation”: Increase in local blood flow and vascular permeability Redness, Heat Swelling, Pain 3. Phagocytic white blood cells come into area, they eat other cells: Engulf bacteria, dead cell parts, and other microbes. 4. Tissue heals Development of Tand BLymphocytes T cells begin bone But mature in thymus cytotoxic-T: kill other cells Helper-T: communicate and orchestrate immune response B cells begin and mature in bone make antibodies 3rd Line of Defense: SPECIFIC Immune Response Antigen: Molecule that elicits the production of an antibody. Antibody: Protein found in blood plasma that attaches to antigen and helps counteract its effects. Made by B-cells Vaccination or Immunization: Process in which harmless forms of antigen or pathogen are introduced into body to provoke an immune response. Passive vs Active immunity. T-helper cells play a central role in immunity HIV destroys your T-helper cells Role of Helper-T cells in immunity HIV destroys your T-helper cells T cells (APC, cytoxic-T and Helper T )and B cells: APC is a phagocyte, it presents antigens to be read by Helper T cells Helper Tcells: control immune functions of other cells: Recruits B-cell to increases antibody production Increases phagocytosis by macrophages. Recruits Cytotoxic T-cells to killing of foreign and cancer cells. cytotoxic T cells: kills foreign or infected cells: B cells: make antibodies to the antigens