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NOTE: This presentation was not made for public use. Please do not use this presentations without my permission and the permission of each of the authors of the photographs, quotes, and other materials that they contain. Thank you, Vicki Hughes Respiration Roots: Baso = base Bronch = windpipe Nas = nose Pleur = rib Pneum = lungs Pulmon = lung Rhino = nose Spiro = breathe Assignments: OL CH 13 Practice Test The respiratory system includes tubes that remove (filter) particles from incoming air and transport air into and out of the lungs. The system also includes many microscopic air sacs where gases are exchanged. The entire process of gas exchange between the atmosphere and body cells is called respiration. Events of respiration include: (1) movement of air into and out of the lungs-commonly called breathing or ventilation; (2) gas exchange between air and blood in the lungs; (3) gas transport in blood between the lungs and body cells; and (4) gas exchange between blood and body cells. The organs of the respiratory system include the nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. (1) conducting division - passages for airflow (nostrils through bronchioles) (2) respiratory division - gas exchange (alveoli and other distal gas exchange regions) Upper RT Lower RT Air enters the respiratory system through the mouth or nose. These two pathways merge at the pharynx, which is also the path for food moving to the esophagus. Miracle of Respiration http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nkRcdfmHqqI The epiglottis lies at the top of the larynx, folds during swallowing to prevent food from entering the trachea. • Air moves through the larynx into the trachea, which is stiffened by rings of cartilage. • The trachea divides into two primary bronchi that enter the lungs. Miracle of Respiration http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nkRcdfmHqqI Palate = bone separating the mouth from the nose. The genetic defect “cleft palate” is the failure of the bones making up the palate to fuse properly. Palate Cleft palate results in breathing difficulty as well as oral cavity problems such as chewing and swallowing. Palate Rhinitis is an inflammation of the nasal mucosa. Since the mucosa extends throughout the respiratory tract, sinus infections and headaches become common. Tonsilitis is an inflammation of the tonsils. The tonsils function to trap and remove pathogens entering the throat. Years ago those having repeated tonsilitis would have their tonsils removed. However, because of the widespread use of antibiotics, this is no longer necessary. Inside the lungs, the bronchi branch into bronchioles which branch into even smaller bronchioles. At the end of each bronchiole is a collection of alveoli. The alveoli are the site of gas exchange in the lungs. Notice that the alveoli are surrounded by capillaries! Expiration Inspiration During inspiration, air flows from the atmosphere down a pressure gradient into the lungs, and during expiration, air flows from the lungs down the pressure gradient out to the atmosphere. This pressure gradient results from altering the volume of the thoracic cavity and thus altering the intrapulmonary pressure. The lungs are covered by two membranes. The visceral pleura is the innermost covering over the lungs themselves. The parietal pleura is an outer covering. In between these two membranes is pleural fluid that allows the lungs to glide easily over the thorax wall during the movements of breathing. Pleurisy is inflammation of the pleura and a drying effect. The diaphragm is a large muscle that lies just posterior to the lungs. As the diaphragm contracts it pulls the lungs downward creating a vacuum. The vacuum in turn causes air to be pulled from the outside through the conducting division of the respiratory system and into the lungs. Lab: Modeling the Diaphragm Spirometry measures the amount of air inspired and expired. During normal breathing, approximately 500 milliliters of air are inspired and expired. This is called the tidal volume During forced maximal inspiration, a quantity of air in addition to the resting tidal volume enters the lungs. This additional volume is called the inspiratory reserve volume, and equals about 3,000 milliliters. During a maximal expiration, about 1,100 milliliters of air in addition to the resting tidal volume can be expelled from the lungs. This quantity is called the expiratory reserve volume. However, even after the most forceful expiration, about 1,200 milliliters of air remain in the lungs. This is called the residual volume. A collapsed lung occurs when air enters the pleural space through a chest wound. The presence of air in the pleural space is called pneumothorax. Pneumothorax is treated by pulling the air back out of the pleural space allowing the lung to reinflate and resume normal function. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i-sZzZ4TMnY During gas exchange in the lungs, oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to capillaries while carbon dioxide moves in the opposite direction. The blood flow between the heart and the lungs is the pulmonary circulation. The tissues of the rest of the body are supplied by the systemic circulation. Oxygen diffuses to the tissues, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues into the capillaries. http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter25/animation__gas_exchange_during_respiration.html Each red blood cell contains 280 million hemoglobin molecules. Hemoglobin is a folded protein with four ironcontaining heme groups. Each heme unit binds with one oxygen unit. As a hemoglobin unit becomes oxygenated, its color changes to a brighter red. Collectively, this molecular color change is evident in the bright red color associated with arterial blood. O2 Carbon Dioxide Transport and Chloride Movement (a) In tissues, carbon dioxide enters erythrocytes and reacts with water to form carbonic acid, which dissociates to form bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. In the chloride shift, bicarbonate ions are exchanged for chloride ions. Hydrogen ions combine with hemoglobin. Lowering the concentration of bicarbonate and hydrogen ions inside erythrocytes promotes the conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate ions. (b) In the lungs, carbon dioxide leaves erythrocytes, resulting in the formation of additional carbon dioxide from carbonic acid. Bicarbonate and hydrogen ions combine to replace the carbonic acid. The bicarbonate ions are exchanged for chloride ions, and the hydrogen ions are released from hemoglobin. http://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=QP8ImP6NCk8 Hypoxia is the term applied to inadequate oxygen delivery to body tissues. This condition is characterized by bluish skin in light-skinned individuals and bluish nails in dark-skinned individuals. Carbon monoxide poisoning is a type of hypoxia in which CO competes with oxygen for binding sites in hemoglobin. Hyperventilation is faster than normal breathing rate. Hyperventilation usually occurs as a result of physical or emotional stress. Asthma is a chronic condition in which various irritants cause bronchioles to become inflamed. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xKt7d1cRaSo Chronic Bronchitis Recurring inflammation of the bronchial tubes accompanied by abnormal production of mucus. Restricts movement of air. Victims use excess energy to inhale. Emphysema Enlarged alveoli due to broken alveolar walls. Chronic inflammation promotes fibrosis of the lungs. Victims use excess energy to exhale. COPD or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a major cause of death in the USA. Common features: 1. Smoking history 2. Dyspnea (labored breathing) 3. Coughing 4. Frequent pulmonary infections 5. Hypoxnia 6. Respiratory failure http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ZUPNv_D_nc Respiratory Therapist http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hr3QmNbp5Gg The Truth About Smoking (DE) Project Lung Cancer! Get together with a group of friends or work alone and create an informative presentation about lung cancer and smoking. Be CREATIVE! Time your presentation to 5-10 minutes.