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Physiology • Human Physiology is the science of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of normal humans, their organs, and the cells of which they are composed. Level of Organization • Cells group together in the body to form tissues . • Tissue - a collection of similar cells that group together to perform a specialized function. • An organ is a structure that contains at least two different types of tissue functioning together for a common purpose. • Organ systems are composed of two or more different organs that work together to provide a common function. Organ Systems • • • • • • • • • • Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Digestive Endocrine Nervous Respiratory Circulatory Excretory Reproductive Integumentary • • • • • • Integument – dermis (epidermis) skin Includes hair and nails Largest organ of the body Made of layers of stacked cells First piece of clothing (birthday suit) Draw page 936 “The Skin” Skin • • • • • Functions -protection against foreign invasion -regulates body temperature -helps body in elimination -manufacturers oils and waxes to help protect Skin Facts • Every minute 30,000 – 40,000 dead skin cells fall off our body. (Dust) • In one month, your body will have a whole new layer of skin. • An adult will have more than 20 square feet of skin. • You will shed about 40 lbs. of skin in your lifetime. Muscular System • You have over 630 muscles in your body • 40% of your weight is muscle • Your muscles move by contracting and then relaxing Function • The main role of the muscular system is to provide movement. • Muscles also control the movement of materials through some organs, such as the stomach and intestine, and the heart and circulatory system. Types of Muscles • Three different types of muscles 1. Smooth 2. Cardiac 3. Skeletal Smooth Muscle • This is the muscle found in your stomach and bladder. • Involuntary (you don’t control this muscle) Cardiac Muscle • Heart muscle • Also involuntary • Contract to pump blood out and relaxes to let blood back in Skeletal Muscle • Voluntary muscles that you control • Together, the skeletal muscles work with your bones to give your body power and strength. • Skeletal muscles are held to the bones with the help of tendons. Factoids • You have over 30 facial muscles which create looks like surprise, happiness, sadness, and frowning. • Eye muscles are the busiest muscles in the body. Scientists estimate they may move more than 100,000 times a day! • The largest muscle in the body is the gluteus maximus muscle in the buttocks. Which One Uses Steroids? Skeletal System • 206 Bones • Over 300 bones when you are born. • Major Organs: Bones, cartilage, tendons and ligaments. Function • The main role of the skeletal system is to provide support for the body, to protect delicate internal organs and to provide attachment sites for the organs. Factoids • 3 smallest bones in your body are in your ear, (anvil, hammer, stirrup) • The human hand has 27 bones; your face has 14! • The longest bone in your body? Your thigh bone, the femur -- it's about 1/4 of your height. Bones Digestive System • The digestive system provides the body's means of transforming food to energy. Food first enters the digestive system through the mouth, goes through multiple organs, until they are transformed into enzymes, glucose, and other nutrients that the body can use. Function • The main role of the digestive system is to breakdown and absorb nutrients that are necessary for growth and maintenance. Organs • • • • • • Mouth Esophagus Liver Stomach Gall Bladder Pancreas -Small Intestines -Large Intestines -Appendix -Rectum -Anus Mouth • 1st stop includes teeth, tongue, salivary glands. • Saliva contains digestive enzyme called amylase which helps breaks down food. Esophagus • Muscular tube that connects your mouth to your stomach. • Food moves down by “peristalsis,” involuntary smooth muscle contractions along the walls. Stomach • Muscular, pouch-like organ • Lined with 3 layers of involuntary smooth muscles. • Gastric juices help break down food called pepsin and hyrdochloric acid. Small Intestines • Muscular tube about 6 meters long. • Small because on 2.5 cm in diameter. • Food stays here for 3-5 hours. • Villi are small projections that line the small intestines that help in absorption. Pancreas • Soft flattened gland that secretes both digestive enzymes and hormones. Liver • Large complex organ that produces bile. • Bile is a chemical substance that helps break down fat. Gall Bladder • Organ that stores the bile. Large Intestines • Large muscular organ also known as the colon. • It is 1.5 meters long & 6.5 cm wide. • Absorbs water forming solid material. • Also performs vitamin synthesis which is later aborbed. Elimination of Waste • After 18-24 hours, remaining indigestible material, now called feces, reaches the rectum. • Rectum is last part of digestive system. • Feces is released through the anus by anal sphincter. Factoids • How long are your intestines? At least 25 feet in an adult. Be glad you're not a full-grown horse -- their coiled-up intestines are 89 feet long! • Chewing food takes from 5-30 seconds • Swallowing takes about 10 seconds • Food sloshing in the stomach can last 3-4 hours • It takes 3 hours for food to move through the intestine • Food drying up and hanging out in the large intestine can last 18 hours to 2 days! • Americans eat about 700 million pounds of peanut butter. • Americans eat over 2 billion pounds of chocolate a year. • In your lifetime, your digestive system may handle about 50 tons!! Endocrine System Function • The main role of the endocrine system is to relay chemical messages through the body. In conjunction with the nervous system, these chemical messages help control physiological processes such as nutrient absorption, growth, etc. Organs -pituitary gland -thyroid -parathyroid -adrenal glands -hypothalamus -pancreas -thymus -testes &ovaries Pituitary Gland • “The Master Gland” • The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis, including trophic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands. It is functionally connected to the hypothalamus by the median eminence. It also secretes hormones for sexual eminence and desires. Parathyroid • The parathyroid glands are small endocrine glands in the neck, usually located behind the thyroid gland, which produce parathyroid hormone. Adrenal Glands • They are chiefly responsible for regulating the stress response through the synthesis of corticosteroids and catecholamines, including cortisol and adrenaline. Hypothalamus • The portion of the brain that controls the pituitary gland. • Sends messages to the pituitary which then releases its chemicals or stimulates other glands to release theirs. Pinneal Gland • The pineal gland, is located in the middle of the brain. It secretes melatonin a hormone that may help regulate when you sleep at night and when you wake in the morning. Pancreas • The pancreas secretes insulin, a hormone that regulates glucose in take of the cells. A deficiency in this hormone results in diabetes mellitus. Insulin regulates the blood sugar levels by stimulating cells to take in glucose. It also stimulates the synthesis of protein and fat storage. Thymus • The thymus is an organ located in the upper anterior portion of the chest cavity. It is of central importance in the maturation of T cells. Testes & Ovaries • The testis and ovaries secrete hormones that are grouped into three major categories: androgens, estrogens, and progestins. All three are found in both males and females, but each in varying amounts. Nervous System Function The nervous system is the master controlling and communicating system of the body. Every thought, action, and emotion reflects its activity. The nervous system is by far the most rapid acting and complex system of the body. The cells of the nervous system communicate by means of electrical signals, which are rapid, specific, and usually cause almost immediate responses. Major Organs • Brain • Spinal cord • Nerves Neurons • Neurons are specialized cells for transporting signals from location to location. • Pg. 973 • Pg. 982 Central Nervous System • CNS (Brain & Spinal Cord) • Coordinates all your body’s activities Peripheral Nervous System • PNS • Made up of all nerves that carry messages to and from the CNS. • Somatic Nervous System • Autonomic Nervous System • Sympathetic Nervous System • Parasympathetic Nervous System Somatic Nervous System • Relays information to and from skin and skeletal muscles. Autonomic Nervous System • Relays information to internal organs Sympathetic Nervous System • Controls organs in times of stress. Parasympathetic Nervous System • Controls organs when body is at rest. Excretory System Function • Also known as the urinary system, the primary function is to filter out cellular wastes, toxins and excess water or nutrients from the circulatory system. Major Organs • • • • Kidneys Ureter Bladder Urethra Kidneys • Bean shaped organs that filter out wastes, water, & salts from the blood. Ureter • Muscular ducts that propel urine from kidneys to bladder. Bladder • Hollow muscular organ that stores urine collected from kidneys. Urethra • Tube that connects the urinary bladder to the outside. Respiratory System Function • The main role of the respiratory system is to provide gas exchange between the blood and the environment. Primarily, oxygen is absorbed from the atmosphere into the body and carbon dioxide is expelled from the body. Major Organs • • • • • • • Nose/Nasal Cavity Trachea Lungs Larynx Pharynx Alveoli Diaphragm Trachea • windpipe, principal tube that carries air to and from the lungs. Lungs • Two spongy, saclike respiratory organs within the chest which remove carbon dioxide from and bring oxygen to the blood. Larynx • The portion of the breathing, or respiratory, tract containing the vocal cords which produce vocal sound. Pharynx • The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus Alveoli • The alveoli are tiny air sacs within the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place. Diaphragm • The muscle that separates the chest (thoracic) cavity from the abdomen. • Contraction of the diaphragm muscle expands the lungs during inspiration when one is breathing air in. Circulatory System Function • The main role of the circulatory system is to transport nutrients, gases (such as oxygen and CO2), hormones and wastes through the body. Major Organs • Heart • Blood Vessels • Blood Heart • The heart is divided into four chambers: the left and right atria, and the left and right ventricle. There are four valves of the heart, which control the blood flow. Circulation • Blood enters the heart in the left atrium, from the superior and inferior vena cava. The superior vena cava is the vein that collects the blood returning from the upper body, and the inferior vena cava returns blood from the lower body. Blood Vessels • Arteries - carry blood away from the heart at relatively high pressure. • Veins - carry blood back to the heart at relatively low pressure. • Capillaries (smallest) - provide the link between the arterial and venous blood vessels. Reproductive Function • The main role of the reproductive system is to manufacture cells that allow reproduction. In the male, sperm are created to inseminate egg cells produced in the female. Major Organs • Female - ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina and mammary glands. Male - testes, seminal vesicles and penis. Ovaries • An ovary is an egg-producing reproductive organ found in female organisms. Oviducts • Another name for Fallopian Tubes. • are two very fine tubes leading from the ovaries of female mammals into the uterus. Uterus • The uterus or womb is the major female reproductive organ of most mammals, including humans. Vagina • is the tubular tract leading from the uterus to the exterior of the body in female placental mammals Mammary Glands • Mammary glands are the organs that, in the female mammal, produce milk for the sustenance of the young. Testes • The male generative gland contained in the scrotum. Produces sperm for reproduction. Seminal Vesicles • are a pair of simple tubular glands that ejaculates sperm into the woman. Penis -External male reproductive organ that releases sperm into the vagina.