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Section Objectives: 28.1 • Relate the structural and behavioral adaptations of arthropods to their ability to live in different habitats. • Analyze the adaptations that make arthropods an evolutionarily successful phylum. • A typical _______ is a segmented, _______ invertebrate animal with________ symmetry, an exoskeleton, and jointed structures called appendages. • An _______ is any structure, such as a leg or an antenna, that grows out of the body of an animal. • Arthropods are the earliest known _________ to exhibit jointed appendages. • Joints are advantageous because they allow more flexibility in animals that have hard, rigid __________. • Joints also allow powerful movements of appendages, and enable an appendage to be used in many different ways. • The exoskeleton is a hard, thick, outer covering made of ______ and ____ (KI tun). • In some species, the exoskeleton is a continuous covering over most of the body. • In other species, the exoskeleton is made of separate ______ held together by hinges. • The exoskeleton protects and supports internal tissues and provides places for attachment of _______. • In many aquatic species, the exoskeletons are reinforced with ________ ____. • _________ have their disadvantages. • First, they are relatively _____ structures. The larger an arthropod is, the ______ and heavier its exoskeleton must be to support its larger muscles. • A second and more important disadvantage is that exoskeletons cannot _____, so they must be ___ periodically. Shedding the old exoskeleton is called _______. • When the new ________ is ready, the animal contracts muscles and takes in air or water. • This causes the animal’s body to swell until the old exoskeleton splits open, usually along the back. • Before the new exoskeleton hardens, the animal puffs up as a result of increased _______ circulation to all parts of its body. • Thus, the new exoskeleton hardens in a ________ size, allowing some room for the animal to continue to grow. • Most arthropods ____ four to seven times in their lives before they become adults. • When the new exoskeleton is soft, arthropods cannot _____ themselves from danger because they move by bracing muscles against the _____ exoskeleton. • In most groups of arthropods, segments have become fused into three body sections—_____, _____, and ______. • In other groups, even these segments may be fused. • Some __________ have a head and a fused thorax and abdomen. • In other groups, there is an abdomen and a fused head and thorax called a ________________. • Fusion of the body segments is related to movement and protection. • ________ have efficient respiratory structures that ensure rapid oxygen delivery to cells. • This large oxygen demand is needed to sustain the high levels of ________ required for rapid movements. • Three types of respiratory structures have evolved in arthropods: ____, ___ tubes, and ____ lungs. • _____ arthropods exchange gases through _____, which extract oxygen from water and release carbon dioxide into the water. • Land arthropods have either a system of ______ tubes or _____ lungs. • Most insects have _______ tubes, branching networks of hollow air passages that carry air throughout the body. • Muscle activity helps pump the air through the ______ tubes. • Air enters and leaves the tracheal tubes through openings on the thorax and abdomen called _______. • Most _____ and their relatives have book lungs, air-filled chambers that contain leaflike plates. • The stacked plates of a ____ lung are arranged like pages of a book. • Movement, sound, and chemicals can be detected with great sensitivity by ______, stalk-like structures that detect changes in the environment. • Antennae are also used for ____ and ____ communication among animals. • Have you ever watched as a group of ants carried home a small piece of food? • The ants were able to work together as a group because they were communicating with each other by ______, chemical odor signals given off by animals. • _________ sense the odors of pheromones. • Accurate vision is also important to the active lives of arthropods. • Most arthropods have one pair of large _________eyes and three to eight ______ eyes. • A simple eye is a visual structure with only one ____ that is used for detecting light. • A ________ eye is a visual structure with many lenses. • Each lens registers light from a tiny portion of the field of view. • The total image that is formed is made up of thousands of parts. • The nervous system consists of a double _______ nerve cord, an _____ brain, and several ______. • Arthropods have ganglia that have become fused. These ganglia act as control centers for the body section in which they are located. • Arthropod blood is pumped by a heart in an _____ circulatory system with vessels that carry blood away from the heart. • The blood flows out of the ______, bathes the tissues of the body, and returns to the heart through open body spaces. • Arthropods have a complete _______ system with a mouth, stomach, intestine, and anus, together with various glands that produce digestive ________. • The mouthparts of most arthropod groups include one pair of jaws called ___________. • The mandibles, together with other mouthparts are adapted for holding, chewing, sucking, or biting the various foods eaten by arthropods. • Most ______ arthropods excrete wastes through _______ tubules. • In insects, the tubules are all located in the _______ rather than in each segment. • Malpighian tubules are attached to and empty into the _______. • Another well-developed system in arthropods is the ______ system. • In an arthropod limb, the muscles are attached to the inner surface of the ___________. • An arthropod muscle is attached to the exoskeleton on both sides of the joint. • Most arthropod species have separate males and females and reproduce _______. • Fertilization is usually _______ in land species but is often _______ in aquatic species. • Some species, including bees, ants, aphids, and wasps, exhibit ______________, a form of asexual reproduction in which a new individual develops from an unfertilized egg. Section Objectives: 28.2 • Compare and contrast the similarities and differences among the major groups of arthropods. • Explain the adaptations of insects that contribute to their success. • ___ and ____ differ from spiders in that they have only one body section. tick • The head, thorax, and abdomen are completely fused. • Ticks feed on ____ from reptiles, birds, and mammals. • ___ feed on fungi, plants, and animals. • They are so small that they often are not visible to the unaided human eye. • Like ticks, mites can transmit ______. • _______ are easily recognized by their many abdominal body segments and enlarged ________. • They have a long tail with a _______ stinger at the tip. • ______ (krus TAY shuns) are the only arthropods that have two pairs of antennae for sensing. • All crustaceans have ________ for crushing food and typically have two compound eyes. • Unlike the up-and-down movement of your jaws, crustacean mandibles open and close from ____ to _____. • Many crustaceans have ____ pairs of walking legs. claw legs • The first pair of walking legs are often modified into strong ______ for defense. • Members of the class _______ include crabs, lobsters, shrimps, crayfishes, water fleas, pill bugs, and barnacles. • Most crustaceans are _____ and exchange gases as water flows over feathery ____. • __ bugs and ___bugs, two of the few land crustaceans, must live where there is _______, which aids in gas exchange. • Like spiders, ______ and ______ have Malpighian tubules for excreting wastes. • In contrast to spiders, centipedes and millipedes have _______ tubes rather than book lungs for gas exchange. • Centipedes are ___________ and eat soil arthropods, snails, slugs, and worms • The ____ of some centipedes are painful to humans. • A millipede eats mostly plants and dead material on damp forest floors. • _______ do not bite, but they can spray foul-smelling fluids from their defensive _____ glands. • __________ crabs are members of the class __________. • Horshoe crabs are considered to be living fossils; Limulus fossils have remained relatively unchanged since the ______ Period about 220 million years ago. • Horseshoe crabs are heavily protected by an extensive __________ and live in deep coastal waters. • They forage on sandy or muddy ocean bottoms for algae, _______, and mollusks. • Flies, grasshoppers, lice, butterflies, bees, and beetles are just a few members of the class _______. • Insects have ____ body segments and ___ legs. • There are more ______ of insects than all other classes of animals combined. • Insects usually mate _____ during their lifetime. • The eggs usually are ______ internally. • Some insects exhibit ___________, reproducing from unfertilized eggs. • Most insects lay a ____ number of eggs, which increase the chances that some offspring will survive long enough to reproduce. • After eggs are laid, the insect _______ develops and the eggs hatch. • In some _______ insects development is direct; the eggs hatch into miniature forms that look just like tiny adults. Nymph Molt Eggs Nymph Molt Adult • These insects go through successive ___ until the adult size is reached. • In some cases, the adult insect bears little resemblance to its ________ stage. Adult Egg Pupa Larva • This series of changes, controlled by chemical-substances in the animal, is called _______________. • Insects that undergo metamorphosis usually go through four stages on their way to adulthood: ___, _____, ____, and ______. • Other insects that undergo complete metamorphosis include ants, beetles, flies, and wasps. • Many insect species, as well as other arthropods, undergo a gradual or incomplete metamorphosis, in which the insect goes through only _____ stages of development. • These three stages are ___, ______, and adult. Nymph Molt Eggs Nymph Molt Adult • A _____, which hatches from an egg, has the same general appearance as the adult but is smaller. • ________ cannot reproduce. • As the nymph eats and grows, it molts several times. With each _____, it begins to resemble the adult more. • Gradually, the nymph becomes an adult. • Grasshoppers and cockroaches are insects that undergo ________ metamorphosis. Incomplete metamorphosis of a harlequin bug • The success of arthropods can be attributed in part to their varied life cycles, high reproductive output, and structural adaptations, such as small size, a hard exoskeleton, and jointed appendages. • Arthropods most likely evolved from an ancestor of the _______. • Segments in arthropods are more complex than in annelids, and arthropods have more developed _____ tissue and sensory organs, such as eyes. • The exoskeleton of arthropods provides _______ for their soft bodies. • Muscles in arthropods are arranged in _____ associated with particular segments and portions of appendages. • The circular muscles of _______ do not exist in arthropods. • Because arthropods have many hard parts, much is known about their evolutionary history.