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• New System: Respiratory system. Part of the
respiration/excretion unit
• Gas exchange and monitoring the air we breath
• Parts of the system
• Mechanics of breathing
• Chapter questions p287
Gas Exchange…
K01: Gas Exchange
Mammals take in gases and expel them with
the use of lungs.
Oxygen is diffused into the bloodstream
in the lungs and carbon dioxide is
removed from the blood.
Did You Know??
• What gases is air made of? What % of each?
• What is your breathing rate?
• What a hiccup is?
Filter, Humidify,
Temperature…
K02: Filter, Humidify, &
Temperature ….your nasal cavity
- hairs and mucous to trap dust &
filter the air we breath.
-mucous also moistens
the air so it doesn’t dry
out our lungs.
-capillaries run close to the
surface of the nasal cavity to
warm the air as it enters the
respiratory
tract
.
Parts of the
System…
S0A: Anatomy and Physiology
Bronchiole
Nasal Cavity
Oral Cavity
Tongue
Pharynx
Epiglottis
Pulmonary
Artery
Larynx
Trachea
Lung
Bronchi
Alveoli
Ribcage
Diaphragm
Capillaries
Air pathway
• Nose or mouth to ?
• Pharynx to ? (when it passes the epiglottis)
• Trachea to?
• Left or right bronchi ? leads to where IN lungs
• Bronchioles within lungs to ?
• Alveoli (grape like clusters) surrounded by
capillaries so lots of gas exchange here!!
K03: Anatomy and Physiology
•Air enters the body through either the nose or the
mouth. These two passages meet at the pharynx.
•The air then passes down the trachea.
The epiglottis at the top of the trachea prevents
food from entering the lungs.
The trachea splits into two bronchi which lead to
each lung. The bronchi then split into smaller and
smaller bronchioles.
The bronchioles end at alveoli which are surrounded
by capillaries. Gas exchange occurs here.
K03: Anatomy and Physiology
View: when air then passes down the trachea.
View from back!
K03: Anatomy and Physiology
View:The epiglottis at the top of the trachea
prevents food from entering the lungs.
K03: Anatomy and Physiology
View: The trachea splits into two bronchi which lead to
each lung. The bronchi then split into smaller and
smaller bronchioles.
K03: Anatomy and Physiology
View: The bronchioles end at alveoli which are
surrounded by capillaries. Gas exchange occurs here.
How many alveoli?
300- 500 million alveoli/ lung!!
How much SA in our lungs??...& why?
Together, the lungs contain approximately 2400 km (1500 mi)
of airways
Total surface area of about 70 m2 (8,4 x 8,4 m) in adults —
roughly the same area as one side of a tennis court.
Furthermore, if all of the capillaries that surround the alveoli
were unwound and laid end to end, they would extend for
about 992 km (620 mi).!!!
Mechanics of
Breathing…
K04: Mechanics of Breathing
ACTIVE process.
PASSIVE process.
K04: Mechanics of Breathing
Inhalation
Exhalation
• ACTIVE process.
• PASSIVE process.
• diaphragm muscles contract
pulling the diaphragm
down.
• diaphragm muscles & rib
muscles relax.
• rib muscles contract to
expand the ribcage.
• This increases the volume of
the pleural cavity =>
decreases internal pressure
=> air rushes IN.
• decreases the volume of the
pleural cavity => increases
internal pressure => air is
pushed OUT.
Chapter questions
• Read p282-287
• Answer # 1,2,4,6,7,8,9 p287
Lung
Volumes…
TIDAL VOLUME:
6–
- VOLUME OF AIR IN A
NORMAL BREATH
5.5 –
5–
4.5 –
4–
3.5 –
3–
2.5 –
2–
TV
1.5 –
1–
.5 –
0–
VITAL CAPACITY:
6–
- VOLUME IN A FULL INHALE
AND FULL, FORCED EXHALE
5.5 –
5–
4.5 –
4–
VC
3.5 –
3–
2.5 –
2–
1.5 –
1–
.5 –
0–
EXPIRATORY RESERVE:
INSPIRATORY
RESERVE
- VOLUME OF AIR YOU CAN
FORCIBLY
INHALE
ABOVE
EXPEL
A NORMAL
BELOW A
NORMAL EXHALE
INHALE
6–
5.5 –
IR
5–
4.5 –
4–
ER
3.5 –
3–
2.5 –
2–
TV
1.5 –
1–
.5 –
0–
VC
K05: Lung Volumes
There is always some air left in our lungs (or else
air pressure would crush our chest). This air is
called RESIDUAL VOLUME.
Residual volume and vital capacity make up our
TOTAL LUNG VOLUME.
Lung volumes can be
measured using a
SPIROMETER.
Cubic Centimeter is a metric volume
unit, milliliter is not an metric unit, but
used widely in metric system.
1 Cubic Centimeter = 1 Milliliter
•
•
•
•
How are the gases transported????
How is breathing rate controlled????
Video: Respiratory system
Chapter questions: P291 # 1-5 and p287 # 1-4, 5-8
Mechanism of
Gas Exchange…
Mechanism of Gas Exchange
• External respiration - at the lungs
• Internal respiration - at the tissues
K06: External Respiration
oxygen pressure in
the lung is higher
than blood: SO
oxygen diffuses into
the blood.
CO2 pressure in the
blood is higher than
in the lung: SO CO2
diffuses into the
alveoli.
K06: Internal Respiration
At the tissues,
BLOOD FILTRATION PRESSURE helps to
squeeze O2 and nutrients out of the capillary
and into the tissue cells.
OSMOTIC PRESSURE (water moving into
the capillary) carries CO2 and other waste
products from tissues to the blood.
Gas transport…
K07: Transport of Gases - oxygen
Oxygen is mostly carried on
hemoglobin molecules of red blood
cells. It is picked up in the lungs and
dropped off at the tissues.
Look at oxygen saturation curve……
K07: Transport of Gasescarbon dioxide
CO2 is carried in your blood stream in 3
ways:
1) Dissolved in blood plasma
K07: Transport of Gasescarbon dioxide
2) Carried on hemoglobin in RBC’s
K07: Transport of Gasescarbon dioxide
3) Combines with water in red blood cells
to become bicarbonate ions.
-carbonic
anhydrase
catalyzes this process
-carbonate ions act as a
buffer
Homeostasis…
K08: Regulation of Breathing Rate…..
we are most sensitive to CO2 levels
Normal
High
Range
blood
CO2
Chemoreceptors
Monitor
Faster
Adjustment
-ve feedback Breathing
Coordinating
Brain
Center
Diaphragm
Regulator
Intercostals
Response to high CO2 levels in
blood….exercise
K08: Regulation of Breathing Rate…
when O2 levels change but CO2 doesn’t
Normal
Low
blood
Range
O2
Chemoreceptors
Monitor
Faster
Adjustment
-ve feedback Breathing
Coordinating
Brain
Center
Diaphragm
Regulator
Intercostals
Response to low O2 levels in blood….
CO poisoning or high altitudes!
We have finished Respiration…
• Video: Respiratory System
• SQ 9.1 - p287 # 1,2,4,6-9
• SQ 9.2 - p291 # 1-5
• SQ 9.3 - p297 # 1,2,4-6
Monday May 3rd
• Open note quiz: Respiration
• Computer lab 220: Learn alberta and
Nelson practice quiz
• Finish chapter questions
• Respiration Chapter Test: Tomorrow
Wednesday May 5th
• Go through Respiration test
• Begin Excretion: Deamination, Label parts,
Homeostasis
• Make sure all work from respiration unit is
in…..
Deamination…
K01: Deamination
Humans often consume more protein than they need.
Excess proteins are converted to carbohydrates. In
order to do this, nitrogen must be removed from the
amino acids. This process is called DEAMINATION.
Deamination occurs in the liver. The waste product
is AMMONIA (NH3). This is very toxic to the body
so the liver combines it with CO2 to produce UREA.
Breakdown of nucleic acids produces URIC ACID.
All of these waste products travel in the blood and
are filtered out by the kidneys.
The Macroscopic
System…
K02: Macroscopic
Vena Cava
Aorta
Renal Artery
Renal Vein
Ureter
Urinary Bladder
Urethra
Medulla
Cortex
Homeostasis…
K03: Kidneys in Homeostasis:
1) Water Balance
Normal
Dehydration
Range
Osmoreceptors
Monitor
Drink
Water
Adjustment
retention
water
Coordinating
Hypothalamus
(in
Center
Brain)
Thirst
ADH
Regulator
response
release
ADH = AntiDiuretic Hormone
K03: Kidneys in Homeostasis:
2) Blood Pressure
Monitor
Normal
Blood
Pressure
Range
Coordinating
Brain
Center
Baroreceptors
Monitor
Constrict
Adjustment
Aldosterone
released which
causes water
retention
Vessels
Regulator
Adrenal
Gland
K03: Kidneys in Homeostasis:
3) Erythropoeisis
Oxygen
Normal
Range
Levels
Chemoreceptors
Monitor
in
Kidney
Stimulates red
blood cell
Adjustment
production in
BONE MARROW
Make REF –
a hormone
Combines with Liver
Globulins to make
ERYTHROPOIETIN
Regulator
Thursday May 6th
• The Nephron and Urine production
• Review Movie
• 2.1 questions
The Nephron…
K04: Microscopic
A) Proximal tubule
B) Bowman’s Capsule
C) Distal tubule
D) Collecting duct
E) Loop of Henle
F) Glomerulus
Urine
Formation…
K05: Urine Formation
There are three
steps in the
formation of
urine as the blood
is filtered.
(2)(1)(3)
=
SECRETION
FILTRATION
==
REABSORPTION
• Any
leftover
wastes
Blood
very
120mL
ofpressure
fluid is isfiltered
in
theglomerulus.
blood
highMINUTE.
in the
every
Out are
of
This
forcesofwater
and
actively
transported
this,
119mL
water
and
many(secreted)
solutes
blood
essential
solutes(NOT
areback
into
components)
reabsorbed
intointo
thetubule
the distal
Bowman’s
Capsule
proximal
tubule.
K05: Urine Formation
Urine travels into the
collecting ducts from
each nephron, then
through the ureters
to the bladder.
Stretch receptors in
the bladder sense
when the bladder is
full and we feel the
need to urinate.
Video: Excretory System
Movie
Chapter questions
• P380→ # 1,3,4
• P386 # 3,5,6
• P396 # 1,2,3,4,8,9,10,14
• Open note quiz
• Lab: Urinalysis: Use section 12.2 in textbook for
help
• Lab Exercise 12A p384
• Time to finish chapter questions???
• Remember: Unit Final: Respiration/Excretion on
Wednesday
• Open note quiz: Excretion
• Time to finish lab/Excretion HWK
questions: Hand In
• Jeopardy Review: Respiration and
Excretion
• Unit Final: Wednesday