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Chapter 1 Organization of the Human Body – Organ Systems and Life-Span Changes Organ Systems • Integumentary System – Includes the skin and accessory organs such as hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands – Protects underlying tissues – Helps regulate body temperature – Houses a variety of sensory receptors – Synthesizes certain products Organ Systems • Skeletal System – Includes, bones, ligaments, and cartilage – Provides a framework – Protects softer tissues – Serves as a place of attachment for muscles – Produces blood cells and stores inorganic salts in tissues within bones Organ Systems • Muscular System – Includes muscles – Provides forces that move body parts (through contracting) – Helps maintain posture – Provides main source of body heat Organ Systems • Nervous System – Includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs – How the system works: • Nerve cells within the organs use electrochemical signals (called nerve impulses) to communicate with each other and with muscles and glands – Some nerve cells act as specialized sensory receptors that detect changes occurring within and outside the body – Other nerve cells receive impulses transmitted by the sensory nerve cells and act on the information – Still other nerve cells carry impulses from the brain or spinal cord to the muscles or glands , stimulating them to contract or to secrete specific product » The effect of the nerve impulse is relatively short-term Organ Systems • Endocrine System – Includes all the glands that secrete hormones (chemical messengers), including the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pineal gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, and thymus – How the system works: • Hormones travel away from the glands in body fluids (such as blood) or tissue fluids • Usually the hormone will only affect a specific group of cells called target cells • The hormone affects the metabolism of the target cells • Effect of the hormone lasts for a long period of time Organ Systems • Cardiovascular System – Includes the heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, and blood – How it works: • Heart pumps blood through blood vessels • Blood transports gases, nutrients, hormones, and wastes – Carries oxygen from the lungs to all body cells – Carries nutrients from the digestive organs to all cells in the body – Transports hormones from endocrine glands to target cells – Carries wastes from body cells to the excretory organs Organ Systems • Lymphatic System – Includes lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen – Transports tissue fluid back into the blood stream – Carries certain fatty substances away from the digestive organs – Defends the body against infection by removing pathogens from tissue fluid (carried out by cells called lymphocytes) Organ Systems • Digestive System – Includes the mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, and large intestine – Breaks down food molecules into simpler forms that can pass through cell membranes and be absorbed into the internal environment – Transports unabsorbed materials outside – Some digestive organs can also produce hormones Organ Systems • Respiratory System – Includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs – Takes air in and out – Exchanges gases between the blood and the air • Oxygen passes from air within the lungs into the blood • Carbon dioxide leaves the blood and enters the air Organ Systems • Urinary System – Includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra – How it works: • Kidneys remove wastes from the blood and assist in maintaining the water and electrolyte balance of the body, resulting in urine • Urine is stored and transported out of the body Organ Systems • Reproductive System – Male reproductive system includes the scrotum, testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, urethra, and penis • These structures produce, maintain, and tranfer spermatozoa – Female reproductive system includes the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, and vulva. • These structures: – – – – Produce, maintain, and transfer ova Supports the development of embryos Carry a fetus to term Function in the birth process