Download pigeon dissection

PIGEON
DISSECTION
WHAT BODY PARTS DOES A
BIRD HAVE TO HELP IT FLY?
EVERYTHING!
EVERY body system in a bird
is modified in some way to help it fly!
ARCHAEOPTERYX
First bird
Fossil image from:
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/birds/archaeopteryx.html
Image from:
http://www2.thny.bbc.co.uk/education/darwin/exfiles/archaeopteryx.htm
PIGEON
KINGDOM _____________
ANIMALIA
LATIN meaning
CHORDATA
PHYLUM ____________________________
VERTEBRATA “backbone”
SUBPHYLUM ___________________________
AVES Plural of “avis”= bird
CLASS _______________________________
COLUMBIFORMES
ORDER _____________________________
FEATHERS
VANE
RACHIS
Image from:
http://www.biology.eku.edu/RITCHISO/554notes1.html
MODIFICATIONS of
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
• Feathers- (light weight & sturdy)
provide lift & prevent heat loss
• Preen gland keeps feathers “fly-able”
• Streamline body to decrease air/wind
resistance
BEAKS
Image from:
http://www.antbits.co.uk/ant_pages/bio-pages/bio-02.html
EXTERNAL NARES
CERE
NICTITATING MEMBRANE
TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
inside head
SCALY SKIN on feet
CLAWS
Kestral Image from:
http://www.biology.eku.edu/RITCHISO/birdbrain2.html
EYES
BIG for size of head
See in COLOR
Eyes on front of facegives depth perception
Seen in predators
Eyes on sides of headGives wide range of vision
Seen in prey
BROOD PATCH
Skin-to-egg
contact keeps
growing
babies WARM
Males that sit
on eggs have
it, too
Image by Riedell/VanderWal ©2005
CLOACA & VENT
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2005
PREEN GLAND
Images by Riedell/VanderWal©2005
Oil makes feathers waterproof
Preening straightens feathers and re-hooks barbules
Image from:
http://www.rit.edu/~vertzo/Pigeon/PigeonPages/Home.html
SKELETAL
Hollow bones = light weight
Image from: BIODIDAC
FUSED BONES = Sturdy
FURCULA
PYGOSTYLE
STERNUM
Image modified from:
http://www.biology.eku.edu/RITCHISO/554notes1.html
MODIFICATIONS of
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Bones = hollow/air sacs extend into bones
to make them LESS DENSE
= fused to make them STURDY
FURCULA –
stabilizes shoulders during flight
STERNUMattaches flight muscles
PYGOSTYLEsupport for tail
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
PECTORALIS & SUPRACORACOIDEUS
make up 35% of total body weight
MODIFICATIONS of
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
HUGE PECTORALIS MUSCLE
provides power to move wings
CROP
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2005
No digestion happens here
Stores and moistens food waiting to be digested
Allows food to move faster/next batch is waiting
CROP MILK
http://www.joanbramsch.com/images/feeding.jpg
COLUMBIFORMES- crop makes nutritious fluid
called CROP MILK for babies
REMOVE PECTORALIS MUSCLE
Image by Riedell/VanderWal © 2005
Image by Riedell/VanderWal © 2005
WHAT CAN YOU SEE?
HEART
LIVER
GALL BLADDER inside
Rest of digestive
system coiled
underneath liver
Image by Riedell/VanderWal © 2005
HEART
RIGHT
ATRIUM
LEFT
ATRIUM
RIGHT
VENTRICLE
LEFT
VENTRICLE
COMPLETE SEPTUM
Heart = 1½ to 2 times larger than in equal size mammal
Heart rate much faster to move more blood
HOW FAST ?
A human heart beats ~ 60-90 times/min
A resting hummingbird’s heart beats 250 times/min.
Or 1200 beats per minute (BPM) when feeding.
http://www.deskpicture.com/DPs/Nature/Animals/hummingbird.jpg
HEART
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2005
COMPLETE SEPTUM NOW
4 chambers
2 atria/2 ventricles
SINUS VENOSUS & CONUS ARTERIOSUS
ARE GONE
• Main vein returning from body
= VENA CAVA
Main vein from lungs
= PULMONARY
VEIN
• Main artery to body
= AORTA
• Main artery to lungs
= PULMONARY
ARTERY
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/hhw/hhw_anatomy.html
1 loop
2 chambers
2 loops
3 chambers
Fish
amphibians
& reptiles
2 loops
4 chambers
birds &
mammals
4 CHAMBER HEART
2 LOOPS
Sinus
venosus

 

RIGHT LEFT  Lungs

Atrium Atrium


Ventricle



 Body
organs


Conus
arteriosus
FROG & TURTLE CIRCULATION
Body
organs
RIGHT
Atrium

Right
Ventricle



Lungs
LEFT
Atrium

Left
Ventricle
BIRD & MAMMAL CIRCULATION
4 chambers/2 loops
BIRD CIRCULATION
MODIFICATIONS of
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Heart large for body size-pumps more blood
Closed 2 loop system- most efficient/faster
Complete septum/4 chamber heart- keeps
Low/High oxygen blood totally separated
Rapid heart rate- delivers more oxygen/faster
MODIFICATIONS of
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
THYROID GLAND CONTROLS RAPID
METABOLISM
BURNING GLUCOSE faster makes body
heat! (ENDOTHERMIC)
ENDOTHERMIC METABOLISMprovides maximum energy for
extended activity (flying)
LIVER
with
GALL
BLADDER
inside
PANCREAS
GIZZARD
LIVER
with
GALL
BLADDER
inside
PANCREAS
GIZZARD
STOMACH
PROVENTRICULUS
entry to gizzard
add acid
GIZZARD
Image by Riedell/VanderWal © 2005
Muscular
Contains gravel/rocks
to grind food
DUODENUM
(1st section of small intestine)
Image by Riedell/VanderWal © 2005
Receives bile from
GALL BLADDER
Receives trypsin
from PANCREAS
PANCREAS makes
TRYPSIN, INSULIN,
& GLUCAGON
SPLEEN
(circulatory)
In mesentery
Wrapped in
digestive
loops
Near
Gizzard
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2005
SMALL INTESTINE
(Duodenum & Ileum)
REALLY, REALLY
LONG SMALL
INTESTINE
Absorbs more
nutrients
Image by Riedell/VanderWal © 2005
COLIC CAECA
Image by Riedell/VanderWal © 2005
Pouches at junction
of small & large
intestine
Contain bacteria to
digest plants
(cellulose)
LARGE INTESTINE
Image by Riedell/VanderWal © 2005
LARGE INTESTINE
isn’t very large!
Absorbs less water
back from feces
(Water is HEAVY!)
EXITS through
CLOACA
MODIFICATIONS of
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• Fast efficient digestive system fuels endothermic
metabolism for more energy for extended activity
• CROP- stores next batch so food always moving through
• 2 part stomach (Crop/Gizzard)so food moves through faster
• COLIC CAECA- help break down plants
• LONG SMALL INTESTINE-absorbs lots of nutrients
• SHORT LARGE INTESTINEAbsorbs less water / feces not stored… out of body as
it is made so weigh less
TRACHEA
BRONCHI
Cartilage rings
keep airway
open
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2005
SYRINX
VOICE BOX
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2005
LUNGS
Images by Riedell/VanderWal © 2005
Remove 31% of oxygen ;
Human lungs remove 24%
AIR SACS
STORE AIR
No gas
exchange
ALLOW OXYGEN IN LUNGS on the
INHALE and on the EXHALE
OXYGEN
on the EXHALE
Animation from:
http://www.sk.lung.ca/content.cfm/birds
MODIFICATIONS of
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• SUPER EFFICIENT RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
gets the most oxygen possible
• Extra AIR SACS allow oxygen in lungs on
both the INHALE AND EXHALE
• Air sacs extending into bones makes skeleton
less dense
• Alveoli increase surface area for more gas
exchange
KIDNEYS & URETERS
MODIFICATIONS of
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Excrete nitrogen waste as URIC ACID- so
uses less water to dilute
No URINARY BLADDER- so urine
(water) not stored… less weight
TESTES
TESTES
KIDNEYS
URETERS
CLOACA
ONLY 1 OVARY makes eggs
OVIDUCTS add albumen/shell
INTERNAL FERTILIZATION
OVIPAROUS
Lay amniotic eggs
http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/avianreproduction.html
http://www.usgs.nau.edu/swwf/images/WIFL%20nest%20with%20eggs%20-%20MD.jpg
DIRECT DEVELOPMENT
2 KINDS OF BABIES
ALTRICIAL = HELPLESS
hatch without feathers, eyes closed,
can’t walk, parents must feed every
20 min
Ex: songbirds,
pigeons, raptors
http://www.kathyskritters.com/tales/robins/images/baby_robins_5-13.jpg
DIRECT DEVELOPMENT
2 KINDS OF BABIES
PRECOCIAL – MORE INDEPENDENT
hatch with fuzzy down, can follow parent
and feed itself soon after hatching
EX: Ducks and geese
Necessary for birds
that lay eggs on
ground
http://cowpi.com/journal/2004/06/the_dangers_of_leadership.html
MODIFICATIONS of
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
• Female has only ONE OVARY & OVIDUCT
on left side … less weight
• OVIPARITY- lay eggs OUTSIDE of body
… less weight
• REPRODUCTIVE ORGANSenlarge during breeding season/shrink rest of
time… less weight
TUBES IS TUBES?
OVIDUCTS- carry eggs from ovary to
cloaca
VAS DEFERENScarry sperm from testes to cloaca
URETERS- carry urine from kidneys to
cloaca
http://www.wtamu.edu/~rmatlack/pigeon_dissection/brain.jpg
MODIFICATIONS of
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Large brain for body size = “smarter”
• Bigger CEREBRUM for more complex behaviors
problem solving; learning; navigation;
• Bigger CEREBELLUM- for muscle coordination
• Bigger OPTIC LOBES for better vision; 3D & Color
• Concentration of iron in brain to act as compass