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PIGEON DISSECTION PIGEON KINGDOM _____________ ANIMALIA LATIN meaning CHORDATA PHYLUM ____________________________ VERTEBRATA “backbone” SUBPHYLUM ___________________________ AVES Plural of “avis”= bird CLASS _______________________________ COLUMBIFORMES ORDER _____________________________ MODIFICATIONS of INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM • Feathers- (light weight & sturdy) provide lift & prevent heat loss • Preen gland keeps feathers “fly-able” • Streamline body to decrease air/wind resistance EXTERNAL NARES CERE NICTITATING MEMBRANE TYMPANIC MEMBRANE inside head SCALY SKIN on feet CLAWS Kestral Image from: http://www.biology.eku.edu/RITCHISO/birdbrain2.html EYES BIG for size of head See in COLOR Eyes on front of facegives depth perception Seen in predators Eyes on sides of headGives wide range of vision Seen in prey BROOD PATCH Skin-to-egg contact keeps growing babies WARM Males that sit on eggs have it, too Image by Riedell/VanderWal ©2005 CLOACA & VENT Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2005 PREEN GLAND Images by Riedell/VanderWal©2005 Oil makes feathers waterproof Preening straightens feathers and re-hooks barbules Image from: http://www.rit.edu/~vertzo/Pigeon/PigeonPages/Home.html SKELETAL Hollow bones = light weight Image from: BIODIDAC FUSED BONES = Sturdy FURCULA PYGOSTYLE STERNUM Image modified from: http://www.biology.eku.edu/RITCHISO/554notes1.html MODIFICATIONS of SKELETAL SYSTEM Bones = hollow/air sacs extend into bones to make them LESS DENSE = fused to make them STURDY FURCULA – stabilizes shoulders during flight STERNUMattaches flight muscles PYGOSTYLEsupport for tail MUSCULAR SYSTEM PECTORALIS & SUPRACORACOIDEUS make up 35% of total body weight MODIFICATIONS of MUSCULAR SYSTEM HUGE PECTORALIS MUSCLE provides power to move wings CROP Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2005 No digestion happens here Stores and moistens food waiting to be digested Allows food to move faster/next batch is waiting CROP MILK http://www.joanbramsch.com/images/feeding.jpg COLUMBIFORMES- crop makes nutritious fluid called CROP MILK for babies REMOVE PECTORALIS MUSCLE Image by Riedell/VanderWal © 2005 Image by Riedell/VanderWal © 2005 WHAT CAN YOU SEE? HEART LIVER GALL BLADDER inside Rest of digestive system coiled underneath liver Image by Riedell/VanderWal © 2005 HEART RIGHT ATRIUM LEFT ATRIUM RIGHT VENTRICLE LEFT VENTRICLE COMPLETE SEPTUM Heart = 1½ to 2 times larger than in equal size mammal Heart rate much faster to move more blood HOW FAST ? A human heart beats ~ 60-90 times/min A resting hummingbird’s heart beats 250 times/min. Or 1200 beats per minute (BPM) when feeding. http://www.deskpicture.com/DPs/Nature/Animals/hummingbird.jpg HEART Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2005 COMPLETE SEPTUM NOW 4 chambers 2 atria/2 ventricles SINUS VENOSUS & CONUS ARTERIOSUS ARE GONE • Main vein returning from body = VENA CAVA Main vein from lungs = PULMONARY VEIN • Main artery to body = AORTA • Main artery to lungs = PULMONARY ARTERY http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/hhw/hhw_anatomy.html LIVER with GALL BLADDER inside PANCREAS GIZZARD LIVER with GALL BLADDER inside PANCREAS GIZZARD STOMACH PROVENTRICULUS entry to gizzard add acid GIZZARD Image by Riedell/VanderWal © 2005 Muscular Contains gravel/rocks to grind food DUODENUM (1st section of small intestine) Image by Riedell/VanderWal © 2005 Receives bile from GALL BLADDER Receives trypsin from PANCREAS PANCREAS makes TRYPSIN, INSULIN, & GLUCAGON SPLEEN (circulatory) In mesentery Wrapped in digestive loops Near Gizzard Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2005 SMALL INTESTINE (Duodenum & Ileum) REALLY, REALLY LONG SMALL INTESTINE Absorbs more nutrients Image by Riedell/VanderWal © 2005 COLIC CAECA Image by Riedell/VanderWal © 2005 Pouches at junction of small & large intestine Contain bacteria to digest plants (cellulose) LARGE INTESTINE Image by Riedell/VanderWal © 2005 LARGE INTESTINE isn’t very large! Absorbs less water back from feces (Water is HEAVY!) EXITS through CLOACA TRACHEA BRONCHI Cartilage rings keep airway open Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2005 SYRINX VOICE BOX Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2005 LUNGS Images by Riedell/VanderWal © 2005 Remove 31% of oxygen ; Human lungs remove 24% KIDNEYS & URETERS TESTES TESTES KIDNEYS URETERS CLOACA ONLY 1 OVARY makes eggs OVIDUCTS add albumen/shell http://www.wtamu.edu/~rmatlack/pigeon_dissection/brain.jpg MODIFICATIONS of NERVOUS SYSTEM • Large brain for body size = “smarter” • Bigger CEREBRUM for more complex behaviors problem solving; learning; navigation; • Bigger CEREBELLUM- for muscle coordination • Bigger OPTIC LOBES for better vision; 3D & Color • Concentration of iron in brain to act as compass