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Fish Dissection Image from: http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/trimethylamine/fish.gif NOTOCHORD Notochord: flexible rod Helps organize developing cells in embryo Replaced by spinal cord in most vertebrates http://www.xenbase.org/xmmr/Marker_pages/notochord/Tor70stg22.jpg DORSAL NERVE CORD Spinal cord forms along dorsal side Images from: http://www.nvo.com/jin/nssfolder/scrapbookanatomy/dorsal%20nerve%20cord.jpg http://www.ekinos.com.ar/horse.jpg PHARYNGEAL POUCHES Become gills in some vertebrates Become back of throat and inner ears in humans http://www-biol.paisley.ac.uk/courses/Tatner/biomedia/subunits/notoc.htm POST ANAL TAIL Human Embryo 32 days old http://www.evcforum.net/RefLib/EvidencesMacroevolution2_files/human_embryo.jpg Pharyngeal arches appear during 4th week. Tail disappears at approximately 8 weeks CHORDATES: NOTOCHORD PHARYNGEAL POUCHES POST ANAL TAIL DORSAL NERVE CORD VERTEBRATES: ALL CHORDATE CHARACTERISTICS PLUS: Bones or cartilage around a dorsal nerve cord Cranium (skull) to protect brain Endoskeleton made of bone or cartilage Closed circulatory system Ventral heart There are over 30,000 species of fish http://t3.preservice.org/T0210463/images/fish-chart.jpg Images from: http://www.eslkidstuff.com/images/shark.gif http://www.miamisci.org/oceans/coralreef/predators/mantaray.gif http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BioBK/comparison.gif http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/trimethylamine/fish.gif Ray-finned have spines in fins (no bones) Lobe-finned Have short stubby limbs; bones in fins Images from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BioBK/comparison.gif http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/trimethylamine/fish.gif Coelocanth Lobe fin fish Australian lung fish http://scienceblogs.com/zooillogix/2007/12/results_of_our_weekly_readers.ph http://www.fishingfury.com/20080612/the-oldest-living-fish/ http://www.nicerweb.com/sketches/video/BBC-LifeOnEarth/2.6_InvasionOfTheLand/LOBE-FIN.JPG RAYS- Thin spines in fins LOBE FINNED FISH are believed to be ancestors to amphibians Scientists believe other vertebrates evolved from BONY LOBE-FINNED fish BONY FISH CHARACTERISTICS Endoskeleton of bone Scales & fins Lungs or swim bladder ENDOSKELETON FISH LATIN meaning ANIMALIA KINGDOM _____________ PHYLUM ____________________________ CHORDATA VERTEBRATA “backbone” SUBPHYLUM ___________________________ OSTEICHTHYES “bony fish” CLASS _______________________________ DORSAL POSTERIOR ANTERIOR VENTRAL CEPHALIZATION BILATERAL SYMMETRY Integumentary Scalesdecrease water resistance protection growth rings increase with age Coloration-darker on top/lighter on bottom Body Shape-streamlined RAYS- protection from predators OPERCULUM Water goes in through mouth out through slit behind operculum Nostrils-dead end pockets smell-important Eye-no eyelid Mouth-teeth don’t chew Ears- not external Anterior Dorsal Posterior Dorsal Pectoral Caudal Pelvic Anal LATERAL LINE http://www.flushing.k12.mi.us/srhigh/tippettl/biology/perch/index.html Senses vibrations & water pressure ANUS exit for digestive waste UROGENITAL OPENING (PORE) exit for urine & eggs or sperm INTERNAL STRUCTURES RESPIRATORY Gill Arch Gill Filaments COUNTERCURRENT FLOW Diagram by Riedell COUNTERCURRENT FLOW GAS EXCHANGE IN GILLS FUNCTIONS OF GILLS 1. Gas exchange 2. Excrete Nitrogen waste as ammonia 3. OSMOREGULATION regulate ion/water balance HYPER, HYPO, ISOTONIC? Image from: http://www.agriteach.com/lessonfiles/sample/perchdissect.ppt Image by Riedell/Vanderwal©2005 OVARY-makes eggs Image by Riedell/Vanderwal©2005 TESTES-make sperm REPRODUCTION MOST FISH HAVE: • EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION • DIRECT DEVELOPMENT BABY FISH = fry http://www.arthursclipart.org/biologya/biology/fish%20spawning.gif SWIM BLADDER controls buoyancy Image by Riedell/Vanderwal©2005 LIVER & improved digestive gland Image by Riedell/Vanderwal©2005 • LIVER (improved digestive gland) Makes bile used by intestine Stores glycogen Stores vitamins (especially oil soluble ones- A & D) Processes TOXINS for removal by excretory system (including nitrogen waste made by cells) • GALL BLADDER Stores bile made by liver DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Diagram by Riedell/Vanderwal©2005 STOMACH Cardiac & Pyloric Image by Riedell/Vanderwal©2005 STOMACH 1. Add acid and digestive juices 2. Starts digestion 3. Grind and mash food INTESTINE 1. First section receives bile from liver (called DUODENUM) 2. Finishes digestion 3. Absorbs nutrients 4. Collect and remove digestive waste Finger-like extensions inside (VILLI) increase surface area for greater absorption of nutrients INTESTINE VILLI Tiny finger-like extensions inside intestine increase surface area for greater absorption of nutrients http://neuromedia.neurobio.ucla.edu/campbell/epithelium/wp_images/107%20villi.jpg PYLORIC CAECA Contain microorganisms (bacteria) to break down plant material Image by Riedell/Vanderwal©2005 DUODENUM Receives bile from liver Image by Riedell/Vanderwal©2005 Image by Riedell/Vanderwal©2005 PANCREAS (Digestive & Endocrine functions) 1. MAKES TRYPSIN for intestine (digests proteins) 2. MAKES 2 hormones to regulate blood sugar INSULIN (cells take up & store glucose) GLUCAGON (cells release stored glucose to blood) Diagram by Riedell Diagram by Riedell HEART Atrium receives blood from Sinus venosus Ventricle – pumping chamber Conus arteriosus-smoothes flow of blood out of heart 2 CHAMBER HEART 1 LOOP system SINGLE loop CLOSED circulation http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20102/Bio%20102%20lectures/Animal%20Diversity/Deuterostomes/echinode.htm • ARTERIES carry blood AWAY from the heart • Capillaries connect arteries and veins (gas exchange occurs here) • VEINS carry blood returning to the heart http://www.fotosearch.com/bthumb/LIF/LIF152/CAR09003.jpg SPLEENProduces new RBC’s Processes & destroys old worn out RBC’s Stores RBC’s for release when needed Image by Riedell/Vanderwal©2005 KIDNEY Collects and removes nitrogen waste (ammonia) Osmoregulation –maintain water/ion balance Image by Riedell/Vanderwal©2005 URINARY BLADDER Stores urine made by kidneys SWIM (Air) BLADDER Receives gases from bloodstream Controls buoyancy GALL BLADDER Stores bile made by liver UROGENITAL PORE shared by excretory & reproductive systems Diagram by Riedell ANUS – for digestive waste BRAIN Image modified from: http://www.flushing.k12.mi.us/srhigh/tippettl/biology/perch/index.html BRAIN OPTIC TECTUM Receives and processes info from visual, auditory (hearing) , and lateral line system BRAIN CEREBRUM • controls higher thinking (memory, learning, reasoning, problem solving) • integrates info from other brain parts BRAIN OLFACTORY BULBS • Smell BRAIN OLFACTORY NERVES • Smell BRAIN CEREBELLUM • Motor (muscle) coordination • Balance BRAIN MEDULLA OBLONGATA • Relay center for sensory info from body • Controls “Autonomic” body organs