Download Immunity

Health Psychology
8th edition
Shelley E. Taylor
Chapter Two:
The Systems of the Body
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Nervous System
Overview
The Nervous System
Central Nervous System:
This system consists of
the brain and the spinal cord.
2-2
Peripheral Nervous System:
This system is made up of the
Somatic Nervous System and the
Autonomic Nervous System.
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The Nervous System (cont.)
The Brain:
- hindbrain:
-medulla, pons, cerebellum
- midbrain:
-major pathway for sensory and motor
impulses moving between forebrain
and hindbrain
2-3
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The Nervous System (cont.)
The Brain (cont.):
- forebrain:
- diencephalons
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- telecephalon:
-2 hemispheres of cerebral cortex
2-4
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The Nervous System (cont.)
The Brain (cont.):
-Limbic system:
- Amygdala:
- detection of threat
- Hippocampus:
- emotional memories
- Cingulate gyrus, Septum, areas of the
Hypothalamus:
- emotional functioning
2-5
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The Nervous System (cont.)
Neurotransmitters:
- chemicals that regulate nervous system
functioning
- Catecholamines:
- epinephrine and norepinephrine
- promote sympathetic nervous system
activity
- released during stressful times
2-6
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The Nervous System (cont.)
Disorders of the Nervous System:
- Epilepsy
- Cerebral palsy
- Parkinson’s disease
- Multiple sclerosis
- Huntington’s disease
- Polio
- Paraplegia, quadriplegia
- Dementia
2-7
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The Endocrine System
Overview:
- complements nervous system in controlling
bodily activities
- regulated by the hypothalamus and pituitary
gland
2-8
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Fig. 2.3 The Endocrine System
2-9
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The Endocrine System (cont.)
Adrenal Glands:
- small glands at top of each kidney
- each gland composed of
adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex
- produces epinephrine and norepinephrine
2-10
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The Endocrine System (cont.)
Disorders involving the Endocrine System:
- Diabetes:
- body cannot manufacture/properly use
insulin
- Type I: insulin-dependent diabetes
- Type II: insufficient insulin or sensitivity to it
2-11
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The Cardiovascular System
Overview:
- heart, blood vessels and blood
- transport system of the body
- arteries carry blood from heart to other organs
and tissues
- veins return blood to the heart after the
oxygen has been depleted
2-12
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The Cardiovascular System (cont.)
The Heart
2-13
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The Cardiovascular System (cont.)
The Heart:
- functions as a pump
- left side takes in blood with oxygen from the
lungs
- blood is pumped into the aorta and then passes
into smaller vessels to reach cells
- oxygen and nutrients are exchanged for waste
material
2-14
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The Cardiovascular System (cont.)
Disorders of the Cardiovascular System:
- Artherosclerosis:
- narrowing of the arteries
- clinical manifestations:
- Angina Pectoris: chest pain
- Myocardial Infarction: heart attack
- Ischemia: lack of blood flow
- other disorders:
-Congestive heart failure (CHF)
-Arrhythmia
2-15
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The Cardiovascular System (cont.)
Disorders of the Cardiovascular System
(cont.):
- Rheumatic Fever:
- bacterial infection that can spread to the
heart
- may cause endocarditis, inflammation
of the membrane that lines the cavities
of the heart
2-16
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The Cardiovascular System (cont.):
Blood pressure:
- force that blood exerts against the blood vessel walls
Blood:
- adult body contains 5 liters of blood
- consists of plasma and cells manufactured in
bone marrow
- disorders:
- related to white cell production
- related to red cell production
- related to clotting
2-17
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The Respiratory System
Structure and Function:
- respiration (breathing) has 3 functions:
- to take in oxygen
- to excrete carbon dioxide
- to regulate the composition of the blood
- involves a number of organs:
- nose, mouth, pharynx, trachea, diaphragm,
abdominal muscles and lungs
- inspiration is active; expiration is passive
2-18
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Fig. 2.6 The Respiratory System
2-19
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The Respiratory System (cont.)
Disorders of the Respiratory System:
- Hay Fever
- Asthma
- Viral infections
- Bacterial infections
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- Pneumonia
- Tuberculosis and Pleurisy
- Lung Cancer
2-20
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The Digestive System
Functioning of the Digestive System:
- food
- metabolism
- absorption of food
- accumulation of food residue
2-21
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Fig. 2.7 The Digestive System
2-22
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The Digestive System (cont.)
Disorders of the Digestive System:
- gastroesophageal reflux disease
- gastroenteritis, diarrhea and dysentery
- peptic ulcer
- appendicitis
- Hepatitis
2-23
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The Renal System
Overview:
- consists of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder
and urethra
- regulates bodily fluids by removing surplus
water, surplus electrolytes and the waste
products generated by the metabolism of
food
2-24
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The Renal System (cont.)
Disorders of the Renal System:
- Urinary tract infections:
- if untreated, may lead to more serious infections
- Acute glomerular nephritis:
- usually a secondary response to a strep infection
- Tubular necrosis:
- when cells in the tubules of the kidneys are destroyed,
acute renal shut-down can occur
- Kidney failure:
- treatments include: artificial kidney, transplant, kidney dialysis
2-25
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The Reproductive System
Ovaries and Testes:
- Females:
- two ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone
- one ovary produces an ovum (egg) each month
- if ovum isn’t fertilized, it is flushed out of the system
during menstruation
- Males:
- pituitary controls production of testosterone by the testes
- Testosterone brings about the production of sperm and
secondary sex characteristics
2-26
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The Reproductive System (cont.)
Fertilization and Gestation:
- sperm ejaculated into vagina during intercourse
proceed upward through uterus into fallopian tubes
- one sperm may fertilize ovum, which travels down a
fallopian tube and embeds in uterine wall
- human gestation continues for nine months
2-27
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The Reproductive System (cont.)
Disorders of the Reproductive System:
- sexually transmitted diseases
- chronic pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women
- cancer
- disorders of the menstrual cycle
- fertility problems
2-28
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The Reproductive System (cont).
Genetics and Health:
- genetic studies:
- twin research vs. adopted children help identify
characteristics produced genetically vs. environmentally
- genetic disorders:
- genetic contributions to obesity and alcoholism
Genetics and Health Psychology:
- genetic counseling
2-29
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The Immune System
Infection:
- the invasion of microbes and their growth
in the body
- Four means of infection:
- direct transmission
- indirect transmission
- biological transmission
- mechanical transmission
2-30
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The Immune System (cont.)
The course of infection:
- incubation period
- period of nonspecific symptoms
- acute phase (disease is at its height):
- fatality or a period of decline during which invading
organisms are expelled
2-31
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The Immune System (cont.)
Immunity:
- body’s resistance to injury from
invading organisms
- develops naturally or artificially
- nonspecific immune mechanisms and specific
immune mechanisms
- phagocytosis- certain white blood cells
ingest microbes
.
2-32
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The Immune System (cont.)
Humoral immunity:
- mediated by B lymphocytes
Cell-mediated immunity:
- involving T lymphocytes
Lymphatic System’s role in immunity:
- drainage system of the body
- spleen, tonsils, thymus gland are important organs
2-33
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The Immune System (cont.)
Disorders related to the Immune System:
- AIDS
- progressive impairment of immunity
- cancer
- depends heavily on immunocompromise
- diseases of the Immune System
- infectious disorders:
- elephantiasis, splenomegaly, tonsillitis, mononucleosis,
lymphoma
- autoimmunity
2-34
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