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Animalia Kingdom Animals are…. • Heterotrophs • Eukaryotes • Multicellular organisms • Have cells that lack cell walls Development of animal embryos Most animal embryos are differentiated into three layers called germ layers: 1. Endoderm- innermost- develops into the lining of the digestive & respiratory tract. 2. Mesoderm-middle-develops into muscles, circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systems. 3. Ectoderm-outermost-develops into sense organs, nerves, outer skin layer. Terms to use with animals: Symmetry- body plan of how parts are arranged. Bilateral, radial, asymmetry Cephalization- to have a head Anterior- toward the head Posterior- toward tail Dorsal- the back Ventral- the belly Animal phyla Porifera - Sponges Filter feeders Motile (can move) Asymmetrical Simplest animal No tissues or organs Cnidaria Phylum – Stinging Cells • First animal to have the 3 germ layers • Radial symmetry • Have stinging cellscnidocytes- shoots out a barbed nematocyst to spear prey • Jellyfish, hydra • Appeared on earth after Porifera Polyp stationary, vase-shaped Platyhelminthes • The flatworms: tapeworm, fluke, planaria • Bilateral symmetry • Evolutionary significance- simplest animals to have developed organs and cephalization • Some free-living and some parasitic • Acoelomate: No body cavity between the digestive tract and skin • Followed Cnidaria on appearance on Earth Nematoda • Followed flat worms in appearance on Earth • Round worms- first animal to develop a body cavity- helps with organ function• Bilateral symmetry • Some free living and some parasites • Ex.- hookworms, nemotodes Mollusca • Appeared after the flat worms on Earth • Developed a better body cavity called a coelom. • Body is not segmented • Has a radula- rasping tongue-like organ • Ex. Snails and slugs (Gastropods), squids octopus (Cephalopods), clams (Bivalves) Annelida • Appeared on Earth after Mollusca • First segmented animals (very important to advanced body structure) • Coelom • Have a pharynx, crop, and intestine, brain, and circulatory system • Earthworms, leeches, fireworm Arthropoda • Appeared on Earth after segmented worms • First animals to have jointed appendanges • Have coelom, segmented body • Have an exoskeleton made of chitin • Beetles, crab, scorpion, dragonfly, insects Echinodermata – Spiny skinned • Evolved following Arthropods • First animals to develop an endoskeleton or internal skeleton • Starfish, sea urchin • Water vascular system for movement Chordata Have these 3 characteristics at some time in their life 1. Nerve cord- nerves attach here and go to different body parts 2. Notochord- long stiff rod forming beneath the nerve cord 3. Pharyngeal slits- form in pharynx – connects mouth to digestive tract and windpipe. The Vertebrates • Two evolutionary developments are the head and the vertebral column. • All vertebrates have an internal skeleton made of bone or cartilage. The Classes of the Phylum Chordata Class: Agnatha • Jawless fish- first vertebrates • Cartilage • Lamprey- parasite • Hagfish • No scales • Ectotherms • 2 chambered heart Class: Chondrichthyes • • • • • • • • • Followed jawless fish Have jaws Paired fins No scales Cartilage Streamlined bodies Sharks and rays Ectotherms 2 chambered heart Osteoichthyes • • • • • Bony fish Paired fins Scales Swim bladder Evolved from cartilage fish • Sharks and rays • Ectotherms • 2 chambered heart Class Amphibia • Half life: tadpoles live in water and have gills and frogs live on land and have lungs • Developed from bony fish • First vertebrates to live on land • Frogs and salamanders • Eggs not water tight so they have to be laid in moist environment • Ectotherms • 3 chambered heart (2 atria, 1 ventricle) Class Reptilia • Scaly skin- keeps body from drying out • Can live on land • Internal fertilization and water tight eggs- amniotic • Ectothermic (cold blooded) • Evolved from amphibians • Turtles, lizards, snakes • 2 atria and ventricle partially divided in the heart Class Aves • The birds • Endotherms • Probably evolved from the dinosaurs • Feathers for insulation • Archaeopteryx was the first bird • Wings • Have gizzard, crop, stomach, intestines • 4 chambered heart Class Mammalia • Have mammary glands- provide milk for young • Evolved from therapsids (now extinct warm blooded reptile) • Have hair or fur • Endotherm • 4 chambered heart • Divided into placental, marsupials, and monotremes. Koala The types of mammals • Placental- that’s usdevelop in a placenta inside the mother. • Marsupial- After birth stays in a pouch on the mother to complete development- kangaroos and opossums. • Monotremes- Lay eggsduck billed platypus