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The Respiratory System ch14 • The primary function of the respiratory system is to allow oxygen from the air to enter the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood to exit into the air. • Inspiration –inhalation (breathing in) • Expiration- exhalation ( breathing out) Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nose Functions •Provides an airway for respiration •Moistens and warms entering air •Filters and cleans inspired air •Resonating chamber for speech •Detects odors in the airstream •Respiratory mucosa-contains goblet cells that secrete mucus Mucus oStickiness traps inhaled particles oLysozyme kills bacteria Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nasal cavity •Vibrissae (guard hairs) – stiff hairs that filter large particles from the air •Nasal cilia – hair-like projections that propel trapped particles towards the throat for digestion by digestive enzymes Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings •Rich supply of capillaries warm the inspired air •Nasal conchae – folds in the mucous membrane that increase air turbulence and ensures that most air contacts the mucous membranes •Olfactory mucosa – mucous membranes that contain smell receptors Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nose, Nasal Cavity, and Pharynx Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.3c The Pharynx (throat) Funnel shaped passageway that connects the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx Three regions of the pharynx •Nasopharynx – air passage •Oropharynx – passageway for air, food, and drink •Laryngopharynx – passageway for air, food, and drink Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Larynx (voice box) Functions : •Keeps food and drink out of the airway •Sound production Anatomical Features: •Nine c-rings of hyaline cartilage form the framework of the larynx (the apex of this triangular box is called the Adam’ss apple •Muscular walls aid in voice production and the swallowing reflex •Glottis – the superior opening of the larynx •Epiglottis – prevents food and drink from entering airway when swallowing •False vocal cords – aid in closing the glottis when swallowing •True vocal cords – produce sound when air passes between them Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Anatomy of the Larynx Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.4 The Glottis Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.5a, b The Trachea (windpipe) Functions : •Air passageway •Cleans, warms, and moistens incoming air Anatomical features : •Rings of hyaline cartilage – reinforce the trachea and keep it from collapsing when you inhale •Traps inhaled debris and propels mucus up to the pharynx where it is swallowed Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Anatomy of the Trachea Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.6a, b Bronchi Function : •Solely an air passageway Anatomical features : •Left and right primary bronchi branch off from trachea •Once the left and right primary bronchi enter the lungs they are subdivided into smaller tubes: Secondary bronchi (one for each lobe) → tertiary bronchi → bronchioles → terminal bronchioles → respiratory bronchioles → alveolar ducts → alveolar sacs Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Bronchi and Lobules of the Lung Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.10a The Lungs •Left Divided into 2 lobes Smaller than the right lung Cardiac notch accommodates the heart •Right Divided into 3 lobes •Each lobe is separated by connective tissue and has it own arteries and veins. •Serous membranes-cover the entire surface of the lungs and produce pleural fluid -enables the lungs to expand and contract with minimal friction •Visceral –adheres to the surface of the lung •Parietal- lines the thoracic cavity Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Gross Anatomy of the Lungs Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.7 The Bronchi and Lobules of the Lung Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.10b The Alveoli •Alveolar sacs-clusters of alveoli •Alveoli- the site of gas exchange which occurs between the air in the alveoli and capillaries •Alveolar cells – allow for diffusion of gases & secrete surfactant- reduces the surface tension of fluid in the lungs and helps make (alveoli) more stable. This keeps them from collapsing when an individual exhales Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Alveolar Organization Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.12a-c