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VERTEBRATES
What is a “vertebrate?”
• Animal that has a backbone, or
a vertebral column
• All are part of the Chordate
Phylum
–
–
–
–
Nerve Cord (hollow tube)
Notocord (flexible rod)
Gill Slits (used for breathing)
Post-anal Tail
Other characteristics
• Cold-blooded
(ectotherms) rely on
environment for heat
• Warm-blooded
(endotherms)
maintain own body
temperature
Characteristics cont’d
• Open Circulatory System
blood not always in vessels
• Closed Circulatory
System blood
always contained in
vessels
All Vertebrates
FISH: Characteristics
• Water-dwelling
vertebrates
• Scales, fins, gills
FISH: Examples
• Jawless– No jaws, scales, paired fins;
cartilage only
– Ex. Lamprey
• Cartilagenous– Cartilage only, toothlike scales
– Ex. Sharks, Rays
• Bony– Bones, scales, swim bladders
– Ex. Flounder, Bass, Perch
FISH: Systems
• Digestive/Excretory:
– Developed system: stomach,
intestines, etc.
• Nervous:
– Keen senses: sight, smell, and taste
• Circulatory:
– Closed Circ. Sys.
• Reproductive:
– External Fertilization
– Internal Fertilization
• Respiratory:
– Gills take oxygen from water
Amphibians: Characteristics
• Breathe with gills when
immature
• Breathe with lungs and skin
when mature
• Skin has many glands
• Lack scales and claws
• Undergo metamorphosis
– Dramatic changes in body form
Amphibians: Examples
• Frogs
• Toads
• Newts, Salamanders
Amphibians: Systems
• Digestive/Excretory:
– Developed: stomach, intestines, etc.
• Nervous:
– Developed: large eyesgreat sight
• Circulatory:
– Closed Circ. System
• Reproductive:
– External Fertilization
– Internal Fertilization (lay fert. eggs)
• Respiratory:
-Gills when immature, lungs and skin when
mature (skin must stay moist to function)
Reptiles: Characteristics
• Vertebrates with lungs
• Scaly skin
• Amniotic eggs
(leathery)
• Cold-blooded
Reptiles: Examples
• Lizards: alligators,
iguanas, dinosaurs
• Turtles
• Snakes
Reptiles: Systems
• Digestive/Excretory:
– Interesting adaptations for eating; developed
system
• Nervous:
– Developed brains; good senses
• Circulatory:
– Closed Circulatory System
• Reproductive:
– Internal Fertilization: most lay leathery eggs
– Some give live birth from eggs “hatched”
inside
• Respiratory:
– Use Lungs
Birds: Examples
•
•
•
•
Hawks, eagles
Robins, wrens
Hummingbirds
Penguins, ostriches
Birds: Characteristics
• Warm-blooded
• Amniotic Eggs (shells)
• Feathers (made of
same substance as
reptile scales)
Birds: Systems
• Digestive/Excretory:
– Big eaters, beak shaped for food source,
developed system
• Nervous:
– Keen senses: Eyesight, hearing
• Circulatory:
– Closed Circ. Sys.
• Reproductive:
– Internal fertilization; lay eggs with hard
shells
• Respiratory:
– Air sacs in addition to lungs allow for
continuous air flow
Mammals: Characteristics
• Warm-blooded vertebrates
• Hair or fur
• Feed young with milk
from mammary glands
• Many groups of mammals– Insect-eating, Waterdwelling, Hoofed, Gnawing,
etc.
Mammals: Examples
• Egg-laying mammals (monotremes):
– Lay eggs
– Ex. Duck-billed platypus
• Pouched mammals (marsupials):
– Give birth to under-developed young, develop
in the pouch of the mother
– Ex. Kangaroo, koalas, possum
• Placental mammals:
– Give birth to young that have developed in
the mother’s body
– Ex. Humans, Dogs, Mice
Mammals- Systems
• Digestive/Excretory:
– Digestive tract with accessory organs
(liver, pancreas, etc.)
– Kidneys for excretion
• Nervous:
– Developed brain and senses
• Circulatory:
– Closed Circ. System
• Reproductive:
– Internal fertilization
• Eggs, Pouches, Placentas
• Respiratory:
– Lungs