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Human Body Systems
By Alan Robbins
Respiratory System
Function:
 Breathing brings air into the lungs and
removes waste gases
 Cellular respiration converts oxygen and
glucose to carbon dioxide, water and energy

Respiratory system

Upper and Lower
respiratory tracts
Fact
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The surface area of the
aveoli in your lungs is
@ 70 square meters,
or about the same as
three lanes of a
bowling alley.
Diseases of respiratory system
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Lung Cancer -3rd
leading cause of death
in men and women in
the U.S.
Emphysema ( causes
aveoli to enlarge)
Asthma (lung
disorder)
Cardiovascular System
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Coronary circulation is the flow of blood to and
from the tissues of the heart.
Pulmonary circulation is the flow of blood through
the heart, to the lungs, and back to the heart.
Oxygen rich blood is moved to all tissues and
organs of the body and is called systemic
circulation.
Organs of the circulatory
system
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Heart
Veins
Arteries
Capillaries
Heart
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Made of cardiac muscle
tissue
Has 4 compartments
called chambers: two
upper are atriums, two
lower are ventricles.
Heart has arteries just and
veins just like any other
muscle
Fact

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Your heart beats 60-70
times per minute. Each
time it pumps 60 mL
of blood. How many
mL’s in 24 hours.
5184000 mL’s or
5184 liter bottles.
Heart

When these arteries
are blocked, it starves
the heart of oxygen
and nutrients, resulting
in a heart attack
Veins
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Veins carry blood back to
the heart.
Veins have valves
2 major veins carry return
blood from your body to
your heart: the superior
vena cava returns blood
from your head and the
inferior vena cava from
your lower body
Arteries
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Carry blood away
from your heart
Have thick, elastic
walls made of tissue
and smooth muscle
Capillaries
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Microscopic blood
vessels.
Walls are only one cell
thick
Bloodshot eyes
Nutrients and oxygen
diffuse from body
cells into capillaries
Blood pressure
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The force of the blood
against the walls of your
blood vessels.
Measured in two numbers:
Systolic is the first number
and measures your heart
pumping.
Diastolic is the second
number and measures
pressure that occurs as the
ventricles fill with blood
before they contract again.
Atherosclerosis

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Fatty deposits build up
on arterial walls.
Eating fatty foods high
in cholesterol and
saturated fats can
cause these deposits to
form.
Not all cholesterol is
bad, and is essential
for health.
Blood

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Carries oxygen from
lungs to body
Takes carbon dioxide
away
Carries waste products
to kidneys
Transports nutrients
Cells in blood fight
infections
Blood
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Made up of plasma
(55%), mostly water.
Platelets ;help with
clotting
Red blood cells: made
at rate of 2-3 million
per second.
White: help fight
bacteria, viruses, etc
Blood Types
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4 types
A, B, AB, O
Types A, B, AB have
antigens coating their
surface. Rh factor
Wrong type of blood
will kill you
Type “O” is universal
Diseases of the Blood
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Sickle-cell anemia
Anemia is a disease of
the red blood cells
Leukemia produces
immature white blood
cells that don’t fight
infections
Fact
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First blood transfusion
was in early 1800”s.
French physician Jean
Baptiste Denis
successfully used
sheep’s blood. His
second patient died.
Lymphatic System
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Fluid is collected and
returned from the body
tissues to the blood by the
lymphatic system
No heart-like structure
Lymphocytes are a type of
white blood cell
Tonsils, thymus and
spleen are part of system
Excretory System
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Includes many
systems such as
digestive, respiratory,
skin and urinary
system.
Each gets rid of waste
in its own way.
Digestive System
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Food and liquid in
Water and undigested
food out
Respiratory System
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Part of excretory
system
Oxygen in
Carbon dioxide and
water out.
Skin
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Part of excretory
system
Salt and some organic
substances out
Urinary System
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Water and salts in
Excess water, metabolic
wastes and salts out.
Controls blood volume (
blood pressure)
Works in conjunction with
hypothalmus to balance
fluid levels in blood
Organs of Urinary System
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Kidneys are bean
shaped organs
Located at back of
abdomen at @ waist
level
Kidney filters blood of
waste products, creates
waste product called
urine
Kidneys
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All of your blood is
filtered through your
kidneys in about 5
minutes.
Connected to bladder
through two ducts
called ureters
Drains urine into your
bladder
Bladder
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Bladder is where urine
is held until you
release it.
Bladder is an elastic,
muscular organ that
can stretch to hold .5
liter of urine.
Avg. human produces
@ 1 liter of urine daily
Diseases of the Urinary System
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A person can live
normally with one
kidney
If both kidneys fail, a
person must use a
dialysis machine to
filter wastes out of the
blood; or else you
would die.
Skeletal System
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Skeletal system
Function:
Shape and support
Produces red blood cells
Stores minerals
Protect organs and soft
tissue
At birth you 300 bones
As an adult 206 bones
Muscular System
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Over 600 muscles in
your body
Control movement
Voluntary muscles:
you choose to move
them
Involuntary: heart
Muscles
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3 types
Skeletal: attached to
bones to help you
move
Cardiac: heart
Smooth: intestines,
bladder, blood vessels,
internal organs
Nervous System
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Responds to stimuli to
maintain homeostasis
Central nervous is
your brain and spinal
cord.
Peripheral nervous
system is all the
nerves other than the
CNS
Brain
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Three main parts:
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brain stem
You also have a left
and right half
Brain
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Your brain contains @
100 billion neurons
Cerebrum: interprets
input from senses
Controls movement
Responsible for
learning and memory
Brain
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Cerebellum
Responsible for
coordinating your
muscles and balance
Keeps you from
falling down when
you walk
Brain
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Brain stem
Controls involuntary
actions such as
breathing and
heartbeat
Endocrine System
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Endocrine system
produces chemicals
that control many of
the body’s daily
activities as well as
long term changes
such as growth and
development
Endocrine
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Endocrine system
made up of glands
Glands produce
hormones
Hormones are
chemicals that turn
off, turn on or speed
up, slow down the
activities of organs
and tissues
Endocrine
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Each gland produces a
different hormone
responsible for a
different task. Adrenal
glands produce
adrenaline
Testes produce
testosterone
Ovaries produce
estrogen
Immune System
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Body has 3 lines of
defense: skin,
breathing passages,
mouth and stomach.
Pathogens land on
skin and most are
destroyed by
chemicals in oil and
sweat.
Immune
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Pathogens get through
skin usually only
when there is break in
skin: a scab quickly
forms to protect
pathway.
Immune
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Breathing: pathogens
enter but are trapped
and destroyed by
mucus layer. Cilia in
nose move
accumulated material
out.
Immune
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Pathogens found in
food are destroyed
first by saliva, and
then by powerful acids
in stomach
“T” Cells & “B”Cells
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T- cells identify
pathogens by
identifying a chemical
marker on the
pathogen called an
antigen
Some T cells attack
pathogen; others
activate B cells.
Immune
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B-cells are called
lymphocytes and
produce proteins
called antibodies.
When antibodies bind
to the antigens on a
pathogen, they mark it
for destruction by
phagocytes.
Reproductive System
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Sexual reproduction
involves the production of
eggs by the female and
sperm by the male, which
join together during
fertilization.
Each sex cell (egg or
sperm) contains half (23)
of the chromosomes
required. (46 for humans)
Male Reproductive System
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Parts and pieces:
Testes, scrotum, and penis
Testes - produce sperm;
also produce the hormone,
testosterone.
Scrotum: external pouch
that hold testes
Penis: external organ
Female reproductive system
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Role is to produce eggs
and if fertilized, nourish
young until birth.
Parts and pieces: ovaries,
uterus and vagina
Ovaries produce eggs
Uterus: hollow muscular
organ the size of a pear
Vagina: muscular
passageway; birth canal