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Objectives Distinguish between 9 major phyla in the animal kingdom – Distinguish between kinds of symmetry – Distinguish between kinds of skeleton – Know the different levels of organization – Recognize segmentation Symmetry We’ll be differentiating between several phyla based upon symmetry. There are three kinds of body organization symmetry you must know. – First, what is symmetry? Symmetry We’ll be differentiating between several phyla based upon symmetry. There are three kinds of body organization symmetry you must know. – First, what is symmetry? Generally, a symmetric shape is a shape that still looks the same if you fold or rotate it. – Write down each definition, then, mold your playdoh into an organism that models that kind of symmetry. – Check with me that you’re correct, then draw what you’ve made next to the definition. Symmetry Asymmetric: Irregular. Is not symmetric. Create an asymmetric organism. – Check your work with me, then draw it. Symmetry Bilateral Symmetry: The organism can be divided into mirror-image halves. Symmetry Radial Symmetry: Cutting/folding down several planes would produce identical pieces. Radially symmetric organisms don’t have a lateral axis. Symmetry Real-life examples of the three kinds of symmetry? – Asymmetry – Bilateral symmetry – Radial symmetry (Note: No organism is 100% perfectly symmetric, there are always “imperfections.” These describe the general body plan.) Skeleton Types Animal phyla are also divided by the type of skeleton involved. – Write the definitions. Then, together, see if you can think of an animal that uses this kind of skeleton. Mold your clay into it. Skeleton Types Hydrostatic Skeleton: The organism does not have a “true” skeleton, it uses a fluid-filled cavity and/or fluid environment to maintain its shape. Skeleton Types Exoskeleton: The animal’s body is supported and its shape maintained by an external skeleton. Skeleton Types Endoskeleton: The animal’s body is supported and its shape maintained by an internal skeleton. Levels of Organization The most basic level of organization is a cell. The cell is the smallest selfcontained unit that fulfills all the characteristics of life. – Animals are made of more than one cell. However, they vary in the complexity of how those cells work together. Levels of Organization A tissue is a group of cells that work together to carry out a specific function. An organ is a group of tissues that work together to carry out a general function. An organ system is a group of organs that work together to carry out a major function. – Some organisms may have organ systems, others may be simpler, some may not even have tissues. http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/java/scie nceopticsu/powersof10/ Segmentation Finally, you’ll need to know what segmentation is. Segmentation is the division of a body plan into a series of semi-repetitive segments. – Please mold your play-doh into a body plan showing segmentation. Animal Phyla I’ll teach you the general characteristics of 9 animal phyla. For each phylum: – Fill out your table with the characteristics of that phylum Make note of what sets it apart from the other phyla You’ll later make a dichotomous key for use in identifying animal phyla – Mold your play-doh into an animal you think is representative of that phylum Check with me to see if you’re right For every three phyla that you make a correct mold of on the first try, you get a sticker. Animal Phyla PORIFERA These sessile (non-moving) marine animals are: – Asymmetrical – Lack true tissues, no organs or organ systems – Not segmented – Hydrostatic skeletons – Reproduce sexually or asexually (fragmentation) Animal Phyla PORIFERA – Sponges! ~8000 known species First emerged ~1 bya Includes 3 classes QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Animal Phyla CNIDARIA – These mostly motile (capable of movement) marine animals are: Radially symmetrical Have tissues but not true organs Not segmented Hydrostatic skeletons Reproduce sexually or asexually “Mouths” surrounded by stinging tentacles QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Animal Phyla CNIDARIA – Jellyfish, sea anenomes, and corals! More than 9000 species Two-stage life cycle, medusa and polyp First emerges 580 mya Characteristic cnidocytes, stinging cells QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Animal Phyla PLATYHELMINTHES Motile, land- or water-dwelling animals that are: – – – – – – Bilaterally symmetrical Have organs and a couple organ systems Not segmented Hydrostatic skeleton Reproduce sexually Have only one opening to/from their digestive system QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Animal Phyla QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. PLATYHELMINTHES Flatworms! – More than 25,000 known species, most of which are parasitic – Mostly hemaphroditic – No circulatory or respiratory system; they are flat so that gases can diffuse to and from any cell in their body QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Animal Phyla NEMATODA Motile land- or water-dwelling animals that are: – Bilaterally symmetrical – Have organ systems – Not segmented – Hydrostatic skeleton – Reproduce sexually – Have two digestive system openings QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Animal Phyla QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. NEMATODA Roundworms! – More than 28,000 species described, estimated more than 500,000 species exist – Over half are parasitic. Some parasitize animals, others parasitize plants. – Includes C. elegans, a worm made of just 959 cells, one of the most important species to modern biology QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture.