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• Why do we need a circulatory system? – supplies in • fuel (sugars) – digestive system • oxygen – respiratory system – waste out • CO2 – respiratory system – need to pick up & deliver the supplies & wastes around the body • circulatory system Complex organisms • Circulatory system – made up of 3 parts • organ – heart • tissues & cells – blood vessels » arteries » veins » capillaries – blood » red blood cells » plasma Vertebrate Heart • 4-Chambered heart – atria (atrium) • thin wall • collection chamber • receive blood – ventricles • thick wall pump • pump blood out left atrium right atrium right ventricle left ventricle Circulation of Blood • 2 part system – Circulation to lungs (pulmonary) • blood gets O2 from lungs • drops off CO2 to lungs • brings O2-rich blood from lungs to heart – Circulation to body (systemic) • pumps O2-rich blood to body • picks up nutrients from digestive system • collects CO2 & cell wastes Circulation to lungs lungs heart body Circulation to body Circulation of Blood •Systemic Circulation – to body tissues (Deliver: oxygen & nutrients. Pick up: carbon dioxide & waste) •Pulmonary Circulation – to lungs (for Gas Exchange) Systemic Circulation left ventricle aorta arteries arterioles capillaries venules veins vena cava right atrium Pulmonary Circulation right ventricle pulmonary artery capillaries (at alveoli in lungs) pulmonary vein left atrium Oxygenated Blood Deoxygenated Blood Pacemaker (SA node) • Sinoatrial node (pacemaker), located in the right atrium, generates impulses for heart muscle contraction. Blood vessels arteries veins artery venules arterioles arterioles capillaries venules veins Arteries • Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart • Aorta is the largest Artery • Arterioles are smaller Arteries that deliver blood to capillaries Veins • Vessels that return blood to the heart from the local tissues • Vena Cava is the largest vein • Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart • Venules are smaller veins that bring blood away from capillaries Open valve Closed valve Capillaries • Capillaries – very thin walls – allows diffusion of materials across capillary • O2, CO2, H2O, food, waste waste body cell CO2 O2 food Blood Pressure • The amount of force blood places against artery walls • Systolic Pressure: pressure when the heart contracts (top number) • Diastolic Pressure: pressure when the heart relaxes (bottom number) • Average adult BP is 120/80 if systolic > 150 or if diastolic > 90 Cardiovascular health • Risk Factors – genetics – diet • high animal fat – exercise & lifestyle • smoking • lack of exercise normal hardening of arteries bypass surgery Blood & blood cells • Blood is a tissue of fluid & cells – plasma • liquid part of blood • dissolved salts, sugars, proteins, and more – cells • red blood cells (RBC) – transport O2 in hemoglobin • white blood cells (WBC) – defense & immunity • platelets – blood clotting RBCs • Transport Oxygen • Contain Hemoglobin: oxygen carrying protein WBCs • Protect and fight against infection • Critical component of the immune system Platelets • produce threadlike fibers which trap blood parts • Responsible for clotting Hemoglobin • Protein which carries O2 – 250,000 hemoglobins in 1 red blood cell O2 O2 O2 O2 emergency repair of circulatory system Blood clotting chemical emergency signals platelets seal the hole protein fibers build the clot Why do we need a respiratory system? • Need O2 in – for cellular respiration – make ATP • Need CO2 out – waste product food O2 ATP CO2 Air passage way: Pharynx larynx trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli alveoli Important Structures • Epiglottis- a flap of tissue that closes over the trachea when swallowing • Larynx- “voice box” containing vocal cords • Trachea- the windpipe • Bronchi- passages through which air spreads through the lungs Structure • Lungs: contain networks of bronchi that lead to tiny sacks called alveoli where gas exchange occurs Moving gases into/out bloodstream • Inhale – O2 passes from alveoli to blood by diffusion • Exhale – CO2 passes from blood to alveoli by diffusion Negative pressure breathing • Air flows from higher pressure to lower pressure, rushing into the lungs inhale exhale Medulla oblongata controls breathing • Medulla oblongata monitors CO2 level of blood – It measures pH of blood (CO2 + H2O H2CO3 carbonic acid • if pH decreases then increase depth & rate of breathing & excess CO2 is eliminated in exhaled air Emphysema • A disease that progressively destroys the walls of alveoli most commonly caused by smoking. Breathing and Homeostasis • Homeostasis – keeping the internal environment of the body balanced – need to balance O2 in and CO2 out – need to balance energy (ATP) production • Exercise – breathe faster • need more ATP O2 • bring in more O2 & remove more CO2 • Disease – poor lung or heart function = breathe faster • need to work harder to bring in O2 & remove CO2 ATP CO2