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HST -1
Respiratory System
Functions of the Respiratory
System
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Exchange gases between blood and
lungs
Regulate body temp by cooling or
warming blood
Maintain blood’s electrolyte balance
Types of Respiration
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External respiration (ventilation):
brings O2 into lungs
Internal respirations: exchange O2 &
CO2 between blood & body cells
Cellular respiration: changes acid
produced during metabolism into
harmless chemicals in the cells.
Structures of the Respiratory
System
Nasal Cavity

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Filters out foreign
particles
Warms and moistens
air
Sense of smell
Tonsils at back of
throat help body
resist infection
Nasal Cavity

Tears drain into nose
to provide additional
moisture for air
Sinuses

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Air filled cavity that is
lined with mucous
membrane
Regulates temperature
of air before reaches
lungs
Help give resonance to
voice
Pharynx
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Back of throat
Subdivisions:
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Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
laryngopharynx
Contain opening of
Eustachian tube
Branches into trachea
and esophagus
Larynx
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AKA: Voice box
Below pharynx-two
folds of cartilage
Epiglottis
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Covers larynx during
swallowing
Prevent food and
liquid from entering
lungs
Trachea
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AKA: Windpipe
Extending from larynx
to center of chest
Lined with C-shaped
cartilage to deep
passageway open
Dorsal surface open to
allow expansion of
esophagus when
swallowing
Bronchi
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Two major branches
of trachea into lungs
Lined with cilia and
mucus to catch dust
and germs
Branches into
smaller bronchioles
Alveoli

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Air sacs at terminal
ends of bronchioles
Surrounded by
capillaries where
exchange of
oxygen/carbon
dioxide occurs by
diffusion
Lungs
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Divided into sections
called lobes
Right lung

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Left lung
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Three lobes
Two lobes
Surrounded by
double membrane
(pleura) which
separates and
lubricates lung
tissue
Diaphragm

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Large, flat muscle
separating thoracic
cavity from
abdominal cavity
Contraction causes
inhalation, relaxation
causes exhalation
Breathing Is Essential!!
Use a stethoscope to listen to one another’s breathing.
One person hold breath as long as possible. Record.
Sit quietly or lie down with arms over chest or abdomen. Count
breaths in one minute. Record
Jumping jacks for 60 seconds followed by running in place for 60
seconds.
Lie down, count breaths in one minute. Record
Switch with partner.
Questions to answer:
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In which case did you breathe more and why?
Do you think respiration rate would be faster or slower if you ran for 10
minutes before counting breaths? Why?
Would there be a difference in rate if you checked it when you were
sleeping and then again if you were walking? Why?
Process of
Respiration
Process of Respiration

Occurs in two
phases

Inspiration and
expiration
Process of Respiration

Inspiration or inhalation

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Diaphragm and intercostals muscles
contract and enlarge thoracic cavity
Creates a vacuum causing air to rush in
Process of Respiration
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Expiration or exhalation
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Diaphragm and intercostals muscles relax
Air forced out of lungs and air passages
Process of Respiration

Process controlled in brain
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Increase in CO2 causes increased rate of
respirations
Usually involuntary, but can be controlled
Lung Function
Assessment Techniques
Assessment Techniques
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Rate: # of breaths per minute
Normals:
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Adults: 14-20
Children: >20
Types of respirations:
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Eupnea: normal respiration
Dyspnea: painful or difficult
Bradypnea: <10
Tachypnea: >24
Apnea: no respiration; rapid series then pause
Assessment Techniques
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Character:
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Should have regular rhythm at regular
intervals
Described as:
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Regular/ Irregular
Dry/Wet
Deep/Shallow
Assessment Techniques
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Normal breath sounds:
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Dry
Clear
Abnormal breath sounds:
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Wheezing
Rales (mucus in trachea)
Lung Function Testing
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Tidal volume
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Amount of air taken in during normal
breathing
Normal: 400-500 ml
Inspiratory capacity volume
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Amount of air that may be taken in by
lungs when taking deep breath
Normal: 2-3L
Lung Function Testing
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Expiratory Reserve Volume
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Amount of air that can be forced out of
lungs after exhaling normally
Normal about 1.2L
Lung Function Testing
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Vital Capacity
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Total capacity of lungs except for residual
volume
Normals:3-5L
Residual volume
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Amount air remaining after as much air as
possible can be expelled to keep lungs
inflated
Normal: 900-1200 ml
Lung Function Chart
Test
Vital
Capacity
Expiratory
Reserve
Tidal
Volume
Inspiratory
Capacity
Normals
Your
Results
Norm/Ab
Why?
Conditions of
Respiratory System
COPD-Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
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A group of chronic respiratory disorders
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Asthma
Chronic bronchitis
Emphysyma
Cystic fibrosis
Symptoms:
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Shortness of breath
Dyspnea
Asthma
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Causes:
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Allergic Rx
Cold temps
Exercise
Strong emotion
Symptoms:
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Bronchi narrow and spasm
Wheezing
Difficulty exhaling
Chronic Bronchitis
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Causes:
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Infection of bronchi
Symptoms:
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Inflammation of bronchi
Heavy cough
Sputum production
Emphysema
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Causes:
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Mostly from smoking
Symptoms:
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Alveoli lose elasticity
Dyspnea
Cystic Fibrosis
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Causes:
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Genetic disorder
Symptoms:
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Mucus becomes thicker
Excess salt appears on skin
Upper Respiratory Infection
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Cause:
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virus or bacteria in nose, pharynx, or
larynx
Symptoms:
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Pharyngitis
Laryngitis
Difficulty swallowing
Swollen lymph nodes
Pneumonia
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Causes:
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Infection of the lungs by pathogens
Chemical irritants
Symptoms:
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Inflammation of the lungs
Buildup of excessive moisture/mucus
Dyspnea
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
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When alveoli do not inflate properly
Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS):
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Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS):
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results from inhaling foreign substances and
swelling of tissues
Leading cause of death of premies
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS):
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Sudden death of infant < 1 year
Unexplained death during sleep
May be brain defect or environmental
The End