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Transcript
Diversity of Kingdoms Unicelluar Protists, Annelid Worms, Insects, Amphibians, Mammals, Nonvascular Plants, Vascular Plants, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms 1 Protists • Protists, or unicellular organisms, do not have a circulatory system because they are in direct contact with their environment. • They just carry out diffusion to get nutrients into the cell and waste out of the cell. Once inside the cell, nutrients are moved about by the movement of cytoplasm, called cyclosis. 2 Annelid Worms • Leeches, bristleworms, earthworms • Possess a simple nervous system in which organs in anterior segments have become modified for sensing the environment. • Annelids have a closed circulatory system. – Blood carrying O2 & CO2 from body cells flows through vessels to reach all parts of the body. • Segmented worms have a complete internal digestive tract that runs the length of the body. – Food & soil is taken in by the mouth eventually pass to the gizzard which is a muscular sac that helps grind soil & food before they pass into the intestine. • Earth worms & leeches are hermaphrodites, producing both eggs & sperm. • Bristleworms have separate sexes & reproduce sexually. 3 Insects/Arthropods • Arthropods possess an exoskeleton which protects & supports internal tissues & provides places for attachment of muscles. • These exoskeletons cannot grow, so they must be shed periodically. – Shedding of the old exoskeleton is called molting. • They have efficient respiratory structures that ensure rapid oxygen delivery to cells. – Terrestrial arthropods breathe through tracheal tubes. – Others, such as spiders, use book lungs. – Most aquatic arthropods, such as lobsters and crabs, respire though organs called book gills. • They have an open circulatory system. • All arthropods have a brain; while most have sophisticated sense organs, such as eyes and taste receptors. • Terrestrial arthropods have internal fertilization. • Aquatic arthropods may have internal or external fertilization. 4 Amphibians • An amphibian is a vertebrate that, with some exceptions, lives in water as a larva and on land as an adult, breathes with lungs as an adult, has moist skin that contains mucus glands, and lacks scales and claws. • Their digestive system is very much like that of a human. • In the larval amphibian, gas exchange occurs through the skin as well as the gills. – Lungs typically replace gills when an amphibian becomes an adult. • The amphibian heart has three separate chambers. – There is some mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood. • They have kidneys that filter wastes from the blood. • They have external fertilization. 5 Mammals • Mammals are endotherms; their bodies can generate heat internally. • All mammals use lungs to breathe. • The mammalian circulatory system is divided into two separate loops with a four-chambered heart. – Oxygenated blood never mixes with deoxygenated blood and this makes this system very efficient. • Mammals have highly developed kidneys that control the composition of body fluids. – They filter urea from the blood. – They retain salts, sugars, and other compounds that the body cannot afford to lose. • Mammals reproduce by internal fertilization. 6 Nonvascular Plants • These types of plants depend on water for reproduction since they lack vascular tissues. • Since they lack vascular tissues, they draw up water by osmosis only a few centimeters above the ground. • During at least one stage of their life cycle, nonvascular plants produce sperm that must swim through water to reach the eggs of other individuals. • There are three groups of nonvascular plants – Mosses – Liverworts – Hornworts 7 Vascular Plants • Vascular plants possess xylem and phloem. – Xylem: transports water – Phloem: transports sugars • Both forms of vascular tissue can move fluids through the plant body, even against the force of gravity. • There are seedless vascular plants and seed plants. – Seedless: clubmosses, horsetails, and ferns – The seed plants are divided into two groups. • They have the ability to reproduce without water by using flowers or cones, the transfer of sperm by pollination, and the protection of embryos in seeds. – Gymnosperms: reproduce with seeds that are exposed – Angiosperms: flowering plants that contain ovaries, which surround and protect the embryo. 8