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Human Biology Sylvia S. Mader Michael Windelspecht Chapter 4 Organization and Regulation of Body Systems Lecture Outline Part 4 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 4.6 Integumentary System What are the accessory organs of the skin and why are they important? • • • • • They include nails, hair, and glands. Nails are derived from the epidermis and offer a protective covering. Hair follicles are derived from the _______, but hair grows from __________ cells. Oil glands are associated with hair and produce _________ that lubricates the hair and skin and retards ______________. Sweat glands are derived from the dermis and help to regulate ______________. 2 4.7 Organ Systems, Body Cavities, and Membranes Moving from tissue to organs and organ systems • An organ is 2 or more tissue types working towards a particular function. • An organ system is a combination of organs that work together to carry out a particular function. 3 4.7 Organ Systems, Body Cavities, and Membranes What are the organ systems of the human body? Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Integumentary systems •protects body. • provides temperature Homeostasis •synthesizes vitamin D. •receives sensory input Organ:Skin. Cardiovascular systems Lymphatic and Immune systems • defends against • transport system for infectious diseases nutrients, waste • provides fluid • provides temperature, homeostasis pH, and fluid • assists in absorption homeostasis and transport of fats Organ: Heart Organs: Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen Figure 4.13. Organ systems of the body. Digestive system Respiratory system • exchanges gases at • ingests, digests, and both lungs and tissues processes food • absorbs nutrients and • assists in pH homeostasis eliminates waste Organs: Lungs • involved in fluid homeostasis Organs: Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas Urinary system • excretes metabolic wastes • provides pH and fluids homeostasis Organs: Kidneys, urinary bladder 4 4.7 Organ Systems, Body Cavities, and Membranes What are the organ systems of the human body? Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Skeletal system Muscular system Nervous system Endocrine system Reproductive system • provides support and protection • assists in movement • stores minerals • produces blood cells Organs: Bones • assists in movement and posture • produces heat Organs: Muscles • receives, processes, and stores sensory input • provides motor output • coordinates organ systems Organs: Brain, spinal cord • produces hormones. • cordinate organ systems • regulates metabolism and stress responce • involved fluid and pH homeostasis Organs: Testes, ovaries, adrenal glands, pancreas, thymus, thyroid, pineal gland • produces and transports gametes • nurtures and gives birth to offspring in females Organs: Testes, penis, ovaries, uterus, vagina Figure 4.13. Organ systems of the body. 5 4.7 Organ Systems, Body Cavities, and Membranes What are the body cavities? Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cranial cavity: Contains brain Thoracic cavity: contains heart, lungs, and esophagus Ventral cavity Abdominal cavity: Contains stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas, gallbladder, and intestines Vertebral cavity: contains spinal cord plurae Dorsal cavity pericardium peritoneum Thoracic cavity: Contains esophagus, heart, and lungs Abdominal cavity: contains digestive and other organs Pelvic cavity: contains reproductive and other organs diaphragm b. Pelvic cavity: contains reproductive and other organs a. Figure 4.14. Body cavities of humans. 6 4.7 Organ Systems, Body Cavities, and Membranes What about the body membranes that line the cavities? • ___________ membranes – line the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems • __________ membranes – line the lungs, heart, and abdominal cavity and cover the internal organs; named after their location • Pleura: lungs • Peritoneum: abdominal cavity and organs • Pericardium: heart 7 4.7 Organ Systems, Body Cavities, and Membranes What about the body membranes that line the cavities? • Synovial membranes – line the cavities of freely movable joints • Meninges – cover the _____ and __________ 8 4.8 Homeostasis What is homeostasis? • It is the ability to maintain a relatively constant ________ environment in the body. • The ________ and _________ systems are key in maintaining homeostasis. • Changes from the normal tolerance limits result in illness or even death. 9 4.8 Homeostasis All systems are important in maintaining homeostasis Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Endocrine System All systems of the body contribute to maintain homeostasis. These systems in particular are especially note worthy. Endocrine glands secrete hormones, which also regulate and coordinate the activities of other systems. Works more slowly than the nervous system. Nervous System Regulates and coordinates the activities of all the other systems. It responds quickly to internal and external stimuli. Cardiovascular System Transports oxygen and nutrients to tissue cells and transports wastes away from cells. Also transports hormones secreted by the endocrine glands. Digestive System Supplies blood with nutrients and water for tissue cells. Rids the body of nondigestible remains. Figure 4.15. Homeostasis by the organ systems of the human body. Muscular System Produces heat that maintains body temperature. Protects and supports internal organs. Respiratory System Supplies blood with oxygen for tissue cells and rids blood of carbon dioxide. Helps regulate the acid–base balance of the blood. Urinary System Excretes nitrogenous and other wastes. Regulates water–salt balance of the blood. Helps regulate the acid–base balance of the blood. Lymphatic System Helps maintain blood volume by collecting excess tissue fluid and returning it via lymphatic vessels to the cardio vascular veins. Defends against disease. Integumentary System Helps maintain body temperature and protects internal organs. 10 4.8 Homeostasis What are the mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis? • __________ feedback – the output of the system resolves or corrects the original stimulus • __________ feedback – brings about an increasing change in the same direction as the original stimulus 11 4.8 Homeostasis Negative feedback • • • The primary mechanism for maintaining ____________ The output of the system __________ the original stimulus Has 2 components • sensor • control center Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Control center sends data to control center directs response to stimulus Effect Sensor negative feedback and return to normal stimulus Homeostasis Figure 4.16. Negative feedback mechanisms. 12 4.8 Homeostasis An example of negative feedback: Body temperature Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Control center sends data to control center 98.6°F set point directs response to stimulus Sensor Effect Blood vessels dilate; sweat glands secrete. negative feedback and return to normal temperature stimulus Normal body temperature negative feedback and return to normal stimulus Effect Sensor Blood vessels constrict; sweat glands are inactive; shivering may occur. Figure 4.18. Body temperature homeostasis. directs response to stimulus Control center sends data to control center 98.6°F set point 13 4.8 Homeostasis Positive feedback • A mechanism for increasing the change of the internal environment in _________________ • An example is the secretion of oxytocin during birth to continually increase _____________ ____________ • Can be harmful such as when a fever is too high and continues to rise 14