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The skeleton… • Advantages- framework, growth, attach to muscles, flexibility • Bones and cartilage are living- can be infected but can repair themselves • Ossification…Begins as cartilage and is replaced with calcium and phosphorous- can help determine age. • Can break, shouldn’t move some one with a fracture Circulatory system Circulatory system • Galen- discovered the importance of the pulse in medicine • William Harvey- the heart has 4 chambers and blood is carried through arteries and veins • Heart rate is linked to activity • Heart contraction is linked to pacemaker cells in the heart • SAN- cause atria to contract- stimulate AVN • AVN- cause the ventricles to contract ECG and Cardiac cycle Heart issues • Hole in the heart- happens in unborn babies • Results in less oxygen getting round the blood • Damages or weak valvesreduce circulation • Blocked coronary arteryreduce blood flow, need bypass surgery • Heamophilia- geneticproblems with blood clots Treatment • Artificial valves- Can be replaced with artificial valves or valves from pigs or cows. As valves have no capillaries, there is no rejection of transplanted valves. • Blood Donation • Blood Transfusion (can cause agglutination) • Clotting drugs- warfarin, heparin, aspirin • Clots are when platelets come into contact with damaged vessels and leads to a mesh of fibrin fibres • Heart assist devices Blood groups Respiratory system • Amphibians- need moist habitat • Fish- Gills Mechanical breathing • Ventilation is the changing volume and pressure of the lungs by the rib cage and diaphragm • • • • • • Tidal air- usual air flow Vital capacity air- maximum usuable air Residual air- air that remains in the lungs Total lung capacity Gaseous exchange happens in the alveolithey are permeable, moist, large surface Under attack • The respiratory system is a ‘dead end’, in constant contact with outside world. • Uses mucus and ciliated cells • Industrial (asbestosis, imflamation/scarring) • Cystic Fibrosis (Genetic, excess mucus) • Lung Cancer (Lifestyle, rapid cell growth) • Asthma- lining inflamed, fluid, muscles contract Digestion • Increase SA of food, pass easily through you, small molecule to be absorbed by the plasma or lymph • Carbohydrase/amylase (Starch-maltose-glucose) • Protease • Lipase • Stomach acid • pH in body differs depending on optimum pH of enzyme present • Bile improves fat digestion • Adaptations of small intestine- long, villi, thin walls Kidneys • High pressure • Urea from liver • Dialysis machine removes urea and maintains sodium and glucose • Conc of urine depends on ADH • ADH increases pereability of kidney tubules • Negative feedback • CO2 must be removed • Detected by the brain, breathing rate increases Fertility Treatment of infertility • Artificial insemination, FSH, IVF, egg donors, surrogacy, ovary transplant • Foetal development checked for conditions usin chromosome analysis and amniocentesis • Fertility can be controlled by the pill • Fertility reduced by hormones mimicking pregnancy- inhibiting FSH Growth • Extreme height is usually caused by genes or hormone imbalance. It is influenced by diet & exercise • It is important to monitor baby’s growth after birth • Human growth hormone produced in the pituitary gland and stimulates general growth • People are living longer- better diet, lifestyle, less industrial disease, medicine, increasing population Organ Donars • Shortage, tissue match problem, size and age, rejection, immuno-suppressent drugs needed • Mechanical replacement- bulky, power supply, reactions to body • Donors can be living • Advantages and disadvantages of a register