Download Requirements of Living Organisms (from external environment)

CHAPTER 1
INTRO. TO A&P
Intro to A&P
•
Anatomy – deals with form &
arrangement of body parts
• Physiology – deals with functions
& how body parts operate
Levels of Organization
• Living organisms are composed of different levels of
organization:
• Atom- particles which make up matter
• Organelle- cell structures that carry on specific tasks
• Cell- basic unit of structure and function
• Tissue- specialized cells organized into layers or masses
that have specific functions.
• Organs- groups of tissues with specialized functions
• Organ systems- groups of organs that function closely
together
• Organism- interacting organ systems make up an
organism
Levels of Organization
Requirements of Living
Organisms
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Water
Food
Oxygen
Heat
Pressure
Water
• Used in metabolic reactions- provides
environment for reactions
• Necessary for transport
• Body temperature regulation
Food
• Supplies energy
• Supplies raw materials
Oxygen
• Used to release
energy from food
in cellular respiration
Heat (a product of metabolism)
• Determines rate of cell reactions
• Most body heat is produced by the
muscular system
Pressure (an application of
force)
Two types:
Atmospheric – the force exerted against a
surface by the weight of the air above that
surface; necessary for breathing
•
Hydrostatic – the force exerted by a
fluid; necessary for transport of blood
(blood pressure)
Homeostasis
• Definition – maintenance of a stable, balanced
internal environment
• Use homeostatic mechanisms:
• Receptors- provide information about stimuli in
the environment.
• Control Center- includes a set point, tells what a
particular value should be. ( ex. 98.6°F, 37°C)
• Effectors- elicit a response that alter conditions
to the internal environment.
Negative Feedback
• Most use negative feedback – changes that
causes responses in the opposite direction;
returns the body to normal (set point)
• Examples – blood pressure, body temperature,
blood glucose level
Blood Glucose Level
Homeostasis of Blood Glucose
• Homeostasis video
Homeostasis - Positive Feedback
• Definition – changes that cause responses in
the same direction away from the normal state
• Examples – blood
clotting, breastfeeding,
childbirth
Anatomical Terminology
•
Terms used to describe body position,
body planes, etc.
Anatomical Position
When these terms are used,
it is assumed the body is in
Anatomical position:
• Standing
• Facing forward
• Arms at sides
• Palms facing forward
Relative Position –
describes the location of 1 body part
w/respect to another
• Superior vs. Inferior
• Anterior vs. Posterior
• Medial vs. Lateral
• From Midline
• Distal vs. Proximal
• From Trunk
More
Anatomical Positions
• Contralateral vs. Ipsilateral
• Deep vs. Superficial
• From Surface
• Peripheral
Body Sections – planes along which the
body may be cut to observe locations of
organs
Major Body Cavities – axial
portion of body – includes two:
1. Dorsal – has 2 smaller cavities:
a. Cranial – includes:
- Nasal
- Orbital
- Oral
- Middle ear
- Sinuses
b. Vertebral - includes s.c.
Major Body Cavities
2. Ventral – has 2 smaller cavities:
a.Thoracic – includes:
- pleural cavity –
Mediastinum – the space
separating the two lungs;
includes:
- pericardial cavity –
Diaphragm – separates the thoracic from abdominal cavities
b.Abdominopelvic - includes:
- abdominal cavity - pelvic cavity -
Body Cavities
Membranes
• 2 types:
1. visceral – covers an organ
2. parietal – lines the cavity of the organ
• Used in combination w/ terms for body cavities:
• Example – visceral pleura
parietal peritoneum
Body Membranes
• Pleural Cavity- visceral and parietal pleaura
• Pericardial Cavity- visceral and pariteal
pericardium
• Visercaral also known as Epicardium
• Abdominal cavity- visceral and parietal
peritoneum
Characteristics of Life (traits shared
by all living things)- Table 1.3 in text
• Movement- change in position
• Responsiveness- reaction to change in
environment
• Growth-Increase in body size
• Reproduction- formation of new
organism
• Respiration-releasing of energy from food
through gas exchange
Characteristics of Life
• Digestion-breakdown of food for absorption
• Absorption-passage of substances into body
membranes
• Circulation-movement of substances
• Assimilation-changing absorbed substances into
different forms
• Excretion-removal of wastes
Together these activities constitute an living
thing’s metabolism (all the chemical & physical
changes that occur)
Organ Systems (11 total)
• Integumentary system- skin and accessory organs
(hair, nails and sweat glands).
• Protects underlying tissue, regulates body temp and contains sensory
receptors
• Skeletal system- Bones, ligaments and cartilage
• Provides framework and protective shields for soft tissue.
• Production of blood cells
• Respiratory system- Lungs, pharynx, larynx and
trachea
• Exchange gases between air and blood
• Reproductive system- Male and female reproductive
organs.
• Production of new organisms
• Endocrine system- Pituitary, thyroid and adrenal
glands
• Secrete hormones which trigger metabolic function
Organ Systems
• Muscular system- Provide forces that cause
movement.
• Nervous System – Brain, spinal cord and nerves
• Stimulates muscles to contract and activates glands
• Cardiovascular System- Heart, arteries, capillaries
and blood.
• Transports products throughout body.
• Lymphatic System-Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes,
thymus and spleen
• Filters blood for pathogens and removes fats from
digestive tract.
Organ Systems
• Digestive System- Mouth, teeth, salivary glands,
esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small and large
intestines.
• Converts food molecules so they can be absorbed.
• Urinary system- Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder
and urethra
• Remove waste from blood and maintain water
balance
Review
• Membranes
Review – Relative Positions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
The gall bladder is _______ to the diaphragm.
The lungs are ______ to the heart.
The esophagus is ______ to the stomach.
The wrist is _______ to the shoulder.
The uterus is ______ to the ovaries.
The ribs are ______ to the vertebrae.
The esophagus is ________ to the trachea.
The elbow is _____ to the wrist.