Download Organization of the Human Body

Organization
of the Human Body
Chapter 1
Visualizing A & P
Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy


Physiology


Science of body structure and the relationships
among structures
Science of body function
Both are studied together as a unit


Body structures are designed specifically to carry
out a specific function
The structural design of a body part determines
what kind of function it can perform
Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Levels of Organization: Atom to Organism

Atoms: building blocks of matter


Molecules: two or more combined atoms


Ex. heart, lungs
Body system: related organs that work together to perform
a function


Ex. muscle tissue, epithelial tissue
Organs: tissues that work together to perform a function
together


Composed of molecules
Tissues: cells that do similar functions together


Perform biochemical functions
Cells: building blocks of a living organism


Ex. hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon
Ex. digestive system, nervous system
Organism: made up of all body systems

Ex. human being
Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Levels of Organization
Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Levels of Organization
Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Levels of Organization
Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Levels of Organization
Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Levels of Organization
Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Levels of Organization
Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Integumentary System





Skin, hair, and nails
Internal body systems
protection/barrier
Outside environment
sensor
Body temperature
regulation
Metabolic waste
elimination
Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Skeletal System




Bones and joints
Framework for organs
and body systems
Blood cell production
Mineral storage site
Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Muscular System



Muscles
Framework (skeletal
system) movement
Force production
Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Nervous System




Brain, spinal cord, nerves
Rapid internal/external
environmental stimuli
sensor
Information processing
Communication/coordinatio
n center between body
systems
Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Endocrine System


Hypothalamus, pituitary,
thymus, thyroid,
parathyroid, adrenals,
gonads
Coordination of body
functions through
chemical communication
with target organs
Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cardiovascular System


Heart and blood vessels
Pumping system for blood


Delivery of oxygen and
nutrients to cells
Removal of carbon dioxide
and metabolic wastes
Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Lymphatic System




Lymph vessels and
nodes
Filtration of debris from
interstitial fluid
Survey of interstitial fluid
for pathogens
Production of pathogenfighting cells
Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Respiratory System




Pharynx, trachea,
bronchial
passageways, lungs
Ventilation system for
oxygen intake and
blood carbon dioxide
removal
Blood pH maintenance
Sound production
(larynx)
Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Digestive System




Mouth, esophagus,
stomach, small and
large intestines, liver,
gallbladder, pancreas
Mechanical and
chemical breakdown of
food
Absorption of nutrients
Solid waste elimination
Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Urinary System



Kidneys, ureters,
bladder, urethra
Filtration and
regulation of
blood/body fluid ion
concentration
Elimination of
metabolic wastes
Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Reproductive System




Male: Testes, seminal
vesicles, prostate, penis
Female: Ovaries, uterine
tubes, uterus, vagina
Male: Production and
delivery of sperm
Female: Production of
eggs, sperm reception,
egg fertilization, fetus
incubation, and delivery
of neonate
Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Six Essential Life Processes

Metabolism


Responsiveness


Increase in body size due to increase in cellular size, quantity, or
surrounding cellular matrix
Differentiation


Motion; whole body, organ, cellular, and organelle levels
Growth


Ability to detect and respond to internal and external
environmental stimuli
Movement


All chemical processes occurring in the body
Process of cell specialization of structure and function
Reproduction


Production of a new individual
New cell formation for growth, repair, replacement
Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Essential Life Processes
Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Essential Life Processes
Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Homeostasis

Maintenance of stable conditions within the
body, by responding to changes both inside
and outside the body

Two homeostatic control systems

Nervous system (fast response)


Sends nerve impulses directly to organs to counterbalance
detected changes
Endocrine system (slow response)

Secretes chemicals (hormones) into blood; hormones then
travel to organs to counterbalance detected changes
Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Homeostasis
Interactions Animations
• Communication, Regulation and
Homeostasis
You must be connected to the internet to run this animation
Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Steady State

Steady state


Set of conditions that remains constant over some
period of time
Homeostasis maintains steady state;
however steady state can be different for
different situations

Ex. Average heart rate is different during rest vs.
exercise
Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Navigating Through the Body

Anatomical position






Standard view of the
body
Body is standing erect
Body is facing the
observer
Head level, eyes
forward
Feet flat on floor,
directed inward
Arms at sides, palms
turned forward
Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Directional Terms




Prone - body lying face down
Supine - body lying face up
Anterior/ventral - face view of body
Posterior/dorsal - back view of body
Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Anterior and Posterior Views of Body
Landmarks
Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Major Body Regions

Head


Neck


Cephalic - skull and face
Cervical - supports head and attaches to trunk
Thoracic



Thoracic - chest and back
Abdominal - abdomen
Pelvic - pelvis and buttock
Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Major Body Regions

Upper limb







Scapular - shoulder
Axillary - armpit
Brachial - arm
Antebrachial - forearm
Carpal - wrist
Palmar - palm
Lower limb




Gluteal - buttock
Thigh - femoral
Ankle - tarsal
Foot - pedal
Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Directional Terms

Trunk




Medial - toward the midline
Lateral - away from the midline
Superior/rostral - toward the head
Inferior - away from the head
Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Directional Terms

Limbs



Proximal - toward the point of attachment or trunk
Distal - away from the point of attachment or trunk
Trunk and Limbs


Superficial - toward the surface of the body
Deep - away from the surface of the body
Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Planes

Planes are imaginary flat surfaces that help
divide or section the body




Sagittal
Frontal/coronal
Transverse/cross-sectional/horizontal
Oblique
Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Planes

Sagittal


Divides into right and left sides
Midsagittal


Divides into equal right and left sides; passes through
midline of body
Parasagittal

Divides into unequal left and right sides
Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Planes

Frontal/coronal


Transverse/cross-sectional/horizontal


Divides into anterior and posterior sides
Divides into superior and inferior sides
Oblique

Divides body in a diagonal fashion; at an angle
between the transverse and sagittal planes or
transverse and frontal planes
Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Planes
Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Body Cavities

Body cavities


Spaces in the body that contain, protect,
separate, and support internal organs
Ventral cavity (contains visceral organs)

Thoracic cavity





Left and right pleural cavity
Pericardial cavity
Mediastinum
Abdominopelvic cavity
Dorsal cavity (contains brain and spinal cord)


Cranial cavity
Vertebral cavity
Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Body Cavities
Diaphragm divides
abdominal and pelvic
cavities
Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Viscera

Viscera


Organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic
cavities, such as the lungs, heart, digestive
organs
Serous membrane


A double-layered membrane covering the viscera
Pleura


Pericardium


Serous membrane of lungs
Serous membrane of heart
Peritoneum

Serous membrane of abdominopelvic cavity
Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Divisions of the Abdominopelvic
Cavity


Helps describe
location of organs in
the cavity more
precisely
9 grid region
Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Divisions of the Abdominopelvic
Cavity


Helps describe
location of organs in
the cavity more
precisely
9 grid region
Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
End Chapter 1
Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this
work beyond that permitted in section 117 of the 1976
United States Copyright Act without express permission
of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further
information should be addressed to the Permission
Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may
make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for
distribution or resale. The Publishers assumes no
responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused
by the use of these programs or from the use of the
information herein.
Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.