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Organization of the Human Body
Unit 1
Definitions
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Anatomy: Science that studies Structure
Physiology: Science that studies body Functions
Anatomy determines Physiology
Structure determines Function
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Anatomists rely on examination of the body
Physiologists rely on experimentation
Levels of Organization
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Chemical: Atoms  Molecules
Cellular: group of Organelles inside a cell
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Basic unit of life
Tissue: groups of Cells and surrounding material
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4 basic types:
1.
2.
3.
4.
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Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
Organ: group of Tissues performing a common
Function
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System: group of Organs with a common Function
Organism: contains all Systems
Levels of Organization
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Characteristics of Life
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Movement – Includes motions of internal organs
Responsiveness – Reaction to a change inside or
outside of the body
Growth – Increase in body size
Reproduction
Respiration – Obtaining O2, removing CO2, &
releasing energy from foods
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Characteristics of Life
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Digestion – Breakdown of food
Absorption – Passage of substances through
membranes and into bodily fluids
Circulation – Movement of substances in body
fluids
Assimilation – Changing absorbed substances into
different forms
Excretion – Removal of waste
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
11 Organ Systems
Integumentary – Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands &
sebaceous glands
1.
•
Protect underlying tissues, regulate body T, house
sensory receptors & make various substances
Skeletal – Bones, ligaments, & cartilage
2.
•
Provide framework, protect organs, provide muscle
attachment, produce blood cells, store inorganic salts
Muscular – Muscles
3.
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Move body parts, maintain posture, & produce body
heat
11 Organ Systems
Nervous – Brain, spinal cord, nerves & sense
organs
4.
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Receive, interpret and act on sensory impulses by
muscles or glands
Endocrine – Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid,
adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal, and
thymus gland
5.
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Produce hormones that regulate metabolism by
stimulating target tissues
11 Organ Systems
Cardiovascular – Heart & blood vessels
6.
•
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Pump and carry blood to & from body parts
Transport O2, nutrients, hormones, & waste
Lymphatic – Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes,
thymus, & spleen
7.
•
•
Transport lymph from tissues spaces to bloodstream &
carry fatty substances away from digestive organs
Lymphocytes defend the body against disease-causing
agents
11 Organ Systems
Digestive – Mouth, teeth, salivary glands,
pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder,
pancreas, small intestine & large intestine
8.
•
Receive food, break down nutrients & eliminate waste
Respiratory – Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx,
trachea, bronchi, & lungs
9.
•
Take in & release air, & exchange gases between the
blood & air
11 Organ Systems
10.
Urinary – Kidneys, ureters, bladder, & urethra
Filter wastes from the blood & maintain fluid &
electrolyte balance
•
11.
Reproduction –
Female - ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris,
& vulva
•
•
Function – houses developing offspring
Male – scrotum, testes, epididymides, vasa deferentia,
seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands,
urethra & penis
•
•
Produce, maintain, & transport sex cells
Autopsy
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Examination and dissection of a body to determine
the cause of death when life processes have not
been maintained adequately.
Homeostasis
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Maintaining a stable Internal environment
Dynamic process (always changing)
Examples of variable factors:
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Body temperature
Blood pressure
Water and nutrient levels
Maintained by feedback systems
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
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Stimulus - Disrupts a controlled variable
Receptor - Recognizes the change and sends
message = input (typically by nerve pathways) to:
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Control Center - evaluates input and sends output to:
Effector - attempts to change the altered variable (Gland
or Muscle)
Negative Feedback Systems
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Most homeostatic control mechanisms are
Negative feedback systems
“Negative” means “opposite” (not “bad”)
These systems Reverse a change in the controlled
variable, bringing it back to “normal”
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Example: High blood pressure (BP) is detected and then
lowered to normal BP
Negative
Feedback
Systems
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Negative Feedback Systems
Interactions Animation
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Communication, Regulation and Homeostasis
Positive Feedback Systems
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Just a few homeostatic control mechanisms are of
this type
These systems Strengthen a change and must be
shut down by an outside force.
Examples:
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Contractions of uterus cause even more contractions at
child birth
Hormonal control of ovulation
Systems that control blood clotting
Clinical Terms
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Disorder: Abnormality of structure/function
Disease: Specific illness characterized by signs
and symptoms
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Symptoms: Subjective changes not observable from
outside a person. Examples: pain, headache, nausea
Signs: Observable or measurable changes. Examples:
high BP, ankle swelling, fever
Life Span Changes
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30’s – Gray hairs, faint facial lines, minor joint
stiffness & decrease in female fertility
40-50’s – Fading hair color, wrinkles, increased
blood pressure, & elevated blood glucose levels
60’s – Deepening wrinkles & a waning immune
system
Wrinkles – Decreased amounts of collagen, elastin,
& subcutaneous fats in skin
Aging and Homeostasis
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Normal process that:
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Includes a progressive loss in the ability to maintain
homeostasis
Affects all body systems
Can be slowed down or minimized by healthy living
Aging and Homeostasis
Interactions Animation
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Homeostatic Relationships
Anatomical Terms
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Precise use of language to define position,
direction, and location in the body.
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Anatomical position
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Stands erect facing the observer, with head level and eyes
facing forward, and palms facing forward
Directional Terms
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Superior – Above anther body part
Inferior – Below another body part
Anterior & Ventral – Toward the front
Posterior & Dorsal – Toward the back
Medial – Closer to the midline
Lateral – Closer to the sides of the body
Directional Terms
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Directional Terms
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Ipsilateral – Same side
Contralateral – Opposite side
Proximal – Closer to a specific point
Distal – Farther away from a specific point
Superficial & Peripheral – Closer to the surface
Deep - Internal
Anatomical Terms
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Body cavities
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Cranial (brain) and Vertebral (spinal cord)
Thoracic (chest cavity): Pleural, Pericardial, and
Mediastinal (region between lungs)
Abdominopelvic (inferior to diaphragm):
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Abdominal
Larger; contains most abdominopelvic organs
 Subdivided into 9 regions or 4 quadrants
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Pelvic
More inferior and smaller
 Contains urinary bladder, lowest portions of digestive tract, and
internal reproductive organs
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Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Anatomical Terms
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Serous membranes - Located in thoracic and
abdominopelvic cavities
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Functions: Protect organs, Reduce friction
Layers
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Visceral layer - covers organs
Parietal layer - lines cavity
Names:
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Pleural (covers lungs, lines thorax)
Pericardial (covers heart, lines central part of thorax)
Peritoneal (covers organs, lines abdominopelvic cavity)
Body Cavities
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Body Sections
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Sagittal – divides body into Left & Right
Transverse – divides body into Superior & Inferior
Coronal or Frontal – divides body into Anterior &
Posterior
Cross section – Cut across a cylindrical organ
Oblique section – Angular cut of a cylindrical organ
Longitudinal section – Lengthwise cut of a
cylindrical organ
Planes Through the Human Body pg 14
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Planes and Sections: Brain pg 14
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Planes and Sections: Brain pg 14
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Abdominopelvic Cavity: 9 Regions
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Abdominopelvic Cavity: 9 Regions - Organs
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Abdominopelvic Cavity: 4 Quadrants
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Body Region
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Abdominal – Region between thorax and pelvis
Acromial – Point of the shoulder
Antebrachial – Forearm
Antecubital – Space in front of the elbow
Axillary – Armpit
Brachial – Arm
Buccal – Cheek
Carpal – Wrist
Celiac – Abdomen
Body Region
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Cephalic – Head
Cervical – Neck
Costal – Ribs
Coxal – Hip
Crural – Leg
Cubital – Elbow
Digital – Finger
Dorsum – Back
Femoral – Thigh
Frontal - Forehead
Anatomical Position pg 11
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Body Worlds:
Donation of your body to Science
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VP5Sd6mI
Q90&list=UUzWQYUVCpZqtN93H8RR44Qw
&index=39