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Organization of the Human Body Chapter 1 Visualizing A & P Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy Physiology Science of body structure and the relationships among structures Science of body function Both are studied together as a unit Body structures are designed specifically to carry out a specific function The structural design of a body part determines what kind of function it can perform Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Levels of Organization: Atom to Organism Atoms: building blocks of matter Molecules: two or more combined atoms Ex. heart, lungs Body system: related organs that work together to perform a function Ex. muscle tissue, epithelial tissue Organs: tissues that work together to perform a function together Composed of molecules Tissues: cells that do similar functions together Perform biochemical functions Cells: building blocks of a living organism Ex. hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon Ex. digestive system, nervous system Organism: made up of all body systems Ex. human being Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Levels of Organization Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Levels of Organization Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Levels of Organization Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Levels of Organization Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Levels of Organization Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Levels of Organization Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Integumentary System Skin, hair, and nails Internal body systems protection/barrier Outside environment sensor Body temperature regulation Metabolic waste elimination Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Skeletal System Bones and joints Framework for organs and body systems Blood cell production Mineral storage site Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Muscular System Muscles Framework (skeletal system) movement Force production Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Nervous System Brain, spinal cord, nerves Rapid internal/external environmental stimuli sensor Information processing Communication/coordinatio n center between body systems Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Endocrine System Hypothalamus, pituitary, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, gonads Coordination of body functions through chemical communication with target organs Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Cardiovascular System Heart and blood vessels Pumping system for blood Delivery of oxygen and nutrients to cells Removal of carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Lymphatic System Lymph vessels and nodes Filtration of debris from interstitial fluid Survey of interstitial fluid for pathogens Production of pathogenfighting cells Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Respiratory System Pharynx, trachea, bronchial passageways, lungs Ventilation system for oxygen intake and blood carbon dioxide removal Blood pH maintenance Sound production (larynx) Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Digestive System Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food Absorption of nutrients Solid waste elimination Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Urinary System Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra Filtration and regulation of blood/body fluid ion concentration Elimination of metabolic wastes Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproductive System Male: Testes, seminal vesicles, prostate, penis Female: Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina Male: Production and delivery of sperm Female: Production of eggs, sperm reception, egg fertilization, fetus incubation, and delivery of neonate Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Six Essential Life Processes Metabolism Responsiveness Increase in body size due to increase in cellular size, quantity, or surrounding cellular matrix Differentiation Motion; whole body, organ, cellular, and organelle levels Growth Ability to detect and respond to internal and external environmental stimuli Movement All chemical processes occurring in the body Process of cell specialization of structure and function Reproduction Production of a new individual New cell formation for growth, repair, replacement Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Essential Life Processes Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Essential Life Processes Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Homeostasis Maintenance of stable conditions within the body, by responding to changes both inside and outside the body Two homeostatic control systems Nervous system (fast response) Sends nerve impulses directly to organs to counterbalance detected changes Endocrine system (slow response) Secretes chemicals (hormones) into blood; hormones then travel to organs to counterbalance detected changes Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Homeostasis Interactions Animations • Communication, Regulation and Homeostasis You must be connected to the internet to run this animation Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Steady State Steady state Set of conditions that remains constant over some period of time Homeostasis maintains steady state; however steady state can be different for different situations Ex. Average heart rate is different during rest vs. exercise Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Navigating Through the Body Anatomical position Standard view of the body Body is standing erect Body is facing the observer Head level, eyes forward Feet flat on floor, directed inward Arms at sides, palms turned forward Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Directional Terms Prone - body lying face down Supine - body lying face up Anterior/ventral - face view of body Posterior/dorsal - back view of body Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Anterior and Posterior Views of Body Landmarks Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Major Body Regions Head Neck Cephalic - skull and face Cervical - supports head and attaches to trunk Thoracic Thoracic - chest and back Abdominal - abdomen Pelvic - pelvis and buttock Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Major Body Regions Upper limb Scapular - shoulder Axillary - armpit Brachial - arm Antebrachial - forearm Carpal - wrist Palmar - palm Lower limb Gluteal - buttock Thigh - femoral Ankle - tarsal Foot - pedal Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Directional Terms Trunk Medial - toward the midline Lateral - away from the midline Superior/rostral - toward the head Inferior - away from the head Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Directional Terms Limbs Proximal - toward the point of attachment or trunk Distal - away from the point of attachment or trunk Trunk and Limbs Superficial - toward the surface of the body Deep - away from the surface of the body Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Planes Planes are imaginary flat surfaces that help divide or section the body Sagittal Frontal/coronal Transverse/cross-sectional/horizontal Oblique Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Planes Sagittal Divides into right and left sides Midsagittal Divides into equal right and left sides; passes through midline of body Parasagittal Divides into unequal left and right sides Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Planes Frontal/coronal Transverse/cross-sectional/horizontal Divides into anterior and posterior sides Divides into superior and inferior sides Oblique Divides body in a diagonal fashion; at an angle between the transverse and sagittal planes or transverse and frontal planes Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Planes Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Body Cavities Body cavities Spaces in the body that contain, protect, separate, and support internal organs Ventral cavity (contains visceral organs) Thoracic cavity Left and right pleural cavity Pericardial cavity Mediastinum Abdominopelvic cavity Dorsal cavity (contains brain and spinal cord) Cranial cavity Vertebral cavity Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Body Cavities Diaphragm divides abdominal and pelvic cavities Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Viscera Viscera Organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities, such as the lungs, heart, digestive organs Serous membrane A double-layered membrane covering the viscera Pleura Pericardium Serous membrane of lungs Serous membrane of heart Peritoneum Serous membrane of abdominopelvic cavity Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Divisions of the Abdominopelvic Cavity Helps describe location of organs in the cavity more precisely 9 grid region Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Divisions of the Abdominopelvic Cavity Helps describe location of organs in the cavity more precisely 9 grid region Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. End Chapter 1 Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without express permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permission Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publishers assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information herein. Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.