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Body Blitz an overview of human body systems • Most of these slides were created by H. Leonard • modified by E. Anderson 1 In addition to this slide show, study Human Body Systems: Class Notes 2 Human Body Systems THE • • • • • • • • • • • • DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER WAY Digestive Respiratory Integumentary Immune Lymphatic Muscular Circulatory or Cardiovascular Skeletal Nervous Endocrine Excretory or Urinary Reproductive • And Levels of Organization 3 Human Body Systems This slide presentation is meant to help you study the major systems of the human body. Use it as an introduction or as a review. Follow the instructions as you move along to explore and learn. You can go through the entire program slide by slide, or skip to focus on any one system. 4 http://www.parentingpress.com/pics/sock_cvr.jpg Believe it or not, you are organized! At least your body is. The main levels of organization are… Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, and You (the Organism). 5 What are the 4 levels of organization shown here? 4 1 2 3 6 *Levels of Organization The Human Body has several “layers” of organization beginning with the simplest and becoming more complex. Answers to previous slide: 1cell, 2tissue, 3organ (small intestine), 4organ system. http://www.bmb.psu.edu/courses/bisci004a/chem/levels.jpg 7 Here They Are: Your Body Systems (Part 1). • (musculoskeletal) (hormone) (cardiovascular) http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_19/147a.gif 8 Your Body Systems (Part 2) • http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_19/lect_19.htm excretory 9 So Let’s Begin! 10 DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents… Your Digestive System 11 Your digestive system is like a complicated chemical processing plant. 12 What 3 major tasks does your digestive system help you accomplish? 13 *Your Digestive System is an efficient disassembly line. ... breaks down food into molecules the body can absorb …passes these molecules into the blood to be carried throughout the body. …works to eliminate solid wastes from the body. 14 The Parts of Your Digestive System What are they? 15 *Label the parts of your digestive system, then correct them using the following slide. 16 mouth (not shown) Parts of Your Digestive System 17 Now for the Digestive Journey 18 The Digestive Journey What do your mouth and esophagus do? •Digestion begins in your mouth •teeth chop and tongue mashes (mechanical digestion) •salivary glands squirt enzymes that break apart starches (chemical digestion) •You swallow. •Your esophagus squeezes food to your stomach. Peristalsis is the name for this muscular action. 19 Your Stomach function 1: chemical digestion of proteins and fats • The food moves into your stomach, which contains chemicals such as hydrochloric acid and pepsin. • Pepsin breaks proteins, and other enzymes break down fat. • Your stomach has a thick coating of mucus to protect it form the acids and to keep it from digesting itself! • Your stomach gradually releases these materials into the upper small intestine (duodenum), where digestion continues. 20 Your stomach. function 2: mechanical digestion • Your stomach is a muscular bag that mashes food (increases surface area) 21 What does your Liver do? •liver--largest and heaviest internal organ of your body •liver breaks down many toxins •produces bile- a substance that helps break down fat. •liver squirts the bile into the gall bladder, where it is stored until needed by stomach. •(pancreas makes enzymes that flow into the small intestines and break up complex starches, proteins, and fats) 22 What happens in your intestines? • After digestion in the stomach, the food remaining is a fluid called chyme. • Chyme enters the small intestine and is digested more. • Small intestine has villi—internal projections that increase surface area. (next slide) • Nutrients are absorbed through walls of villi into bloodstream, leaving undigestible wastes and water in the small intestine. • These wastes and water pass into the large intestine. • Water is removed (absorbed into bloodstream) • The wastes are stored in the rectum until they are released by the anus. 23 Cross Section of your small intestine The villi add surface area to increase absorption of food and nutrients. On the left you see how the villi line your small intestines, and on the right you see 1 villus with its blood capillaries. 24 Why is a large surface area important? • Chemistry happens surfaces. – Think of examples. 25 Where does the gas come from? •We don’t digest food completely by ourselves. •Bacteria and fungi live in our intestines and digest the rest for us, as well as for themselves! (E. coli, for example) •These microbes that we depend on have their own wastes, e.g. methane and hydrogen sulfide. Web Sources and Resources: http://www.colorado.edu/epob/academics/web_resources/cartoons/gas.html 26 DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents… Your Respiratory System 27 What does your respiratory system do? •takes in air from outside your body –removes some oxygen to give your body –adds carbon dioxide and water (wastes from your body) •sends out the altered air •This image shows all the tiny bronchioles that increase surface area in the alveoli for gas exchange. •Why is high surface area important? •C H A S 28 The Path of Air mouth trachea lung What is the path that air takes as it enters and leaves your body? 29 • • • • • • • • • • mouth and nose trachea bronchi alveoli blood blood alveoli bronchi trachea mouth and nose 30 How You Breathe 1: The Diaphragm 31 How You Breathe 2: The Alveoli 32 The Respiratory and Circulatory Systems: Working Together. 33 What is the relationship between: whole-body respiration and cellular respiration? • • • • Respiration is gas exchange. Cellular respiration happens inside each cell. Whole body respiration is breathing. Breathing and blood flow supply cells with fresh gas and remove waste gas. • Here is a diagram. 34 The Cardio-Pulmonary System 35 Respiratory Disease: Pneumonia Pneumonia is an inflammation or infection of the lungs most commonly caused by a bacteria or virus. Pneumonia can also be Web Sources and Resources caused by inhaling vomit or other foreign substances. www.medimagery.com/Respiration/ lungs.html 36 Effects of smoking: black gummy build-up, increased chance of lung cancer non-smoker smoker There are MANY forms of cancer, some deadly, others not so dangerous. Please note that not all cancers are caused by bad habits. 37 X-Rays can help detect lung cancer. Surgery, radiation, and drugs (chemotherapy) are some treatments for the disease. Web Sources and Resources www.smm.org/heart/lessons/ lesson11.htm 38 Please Take Care of Your Lungs and Don’t Smoke Web Sources and Resources: Usborne Science Encyclopedia pgs. and Quicklink Images 39 DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents… Your Integumentary System (It’s Your Skin!) 40 What does skin do? • prevents the loss of water • protects the body from injury and infection • regulates body temperature • eliminates wastes • gathers information about the environment • produces vitamin D 41 Parts of Your Skin 42 Skin Anatomy 43 What is Botox? •a protein from botulism toxin •injected into a muscle to cause temporary (months) paralysis • This helps prevent the appearance of wrinkles. 44 With Botox will everyone look the same? What do you think? 45 DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents… Your Immune System 46 What does your immune system do? What are some of its parts? •protects you from foreign invaders • Special cells react to each kind of pathogen with a defense targeted specifically at that pathogen. 47 http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1996/illpres/introduction.html Your Immune System Has Many Specialized Cells! White blood cells that target specific pathogens are called lymphocytes. There are two major kinds of lymphocytes—T cells and B cells. A major function of T cells is to identify pathogens by recognizing their antigens. Antigens are molecules that the immune system recognizes as either part of your body, or as coming from outside your body. B cells produce chemicals called antibodies. 48 How Your Immune System Works Our immune system protects us against threats. These include viruses, bacteria and parasites causing infectious diseases, from ordinary flu to full-blown malaria. The white blood cells of the defense system are produced in the marrow of our bones. The cells are carried in the blood to specialized organs, where they develop and communicate to launch immune responses against infections. •http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1996/illpres/i ntroduction.html 49 DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents… Your Lymphatic System 50 The Functions of Your Lymphatic System Your lymphatic system and the cardiovascular system are closely related structures that are joined by a capillary system. The lymphatic system is important to the body's defense mechanisms. It filters out organisms that cause disease, produces certain white blood cells and generates antibodies. It is also important for the distribution of fluids and nutrients in the body, because it drains excess fluids and protein so that tissues do not swell up. http://www.acm.uiuc.edu/sigbio/project/updated-lymphatic/node_p2.gif 51 DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents… Your Muscular System 52 What are the types of muscle tissue? Your body has three types of muscle tissue—skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle. 53 Skeletal Muscle Skeletal muscles are attached to the bones of your skeleton. Because you have conscious control of skeletal muscles, they are classified as voluntary muscles. These muscles provide the force that moves your bones. Skeletal muscles react quickly and tire quickly. At the end of a skeletal muscle is a tendon. A tendon is a strong connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone. Note- ligaments connect bones together. 54 Smooth Muscle Smooth muscles are called involuntary muscles because they work with your conscious effort. 55 Cardiac Muscle Cardiac muscles are involuntary muscles found only in the heart. Cardiac muscles are strong but do not tire easily. A Cardiac Muscle Cell 56 Voluntary Muscles The muscles that are under your direct control are called voluntary muscles. Smiling and turning the pages in a book are actions of voluntary muscles. 57 Involuntary Muscle Action •colon (smooth muscle) •heart (special cardiac muscle) •both involuntary •(automatic) •not under your conscious control 58 How Do Muscles Work? Muscles work by contracting, or becoming shorter and thicker. Because muscle cells can only contract, not extend, skeletal muscles must work in pairs. While one muscle contracts, the other muscle in the pair returns to its original length. For example, in order to move the lower arm, the biceps muscle on the front of the upper arm contracts to bend the elbow. This lifts the forearm and hand. As the biceps contracts, the triceps on the back of the upper arm returns to its original length. To straighten the elbow, the triceps muscle contracts while the biceps returns to its original length. 59 Anatomy Of A Muscle 60 skeletal muscles striated, voluntary 61 Some Major Voluntary Muscles 62 Some Really Big Muscles! And on to the Circulatory System. 63 DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents… Your Circulatory System Cardiovascular System 64 Your Circulatory System is Responsible for Delivering and Removing Materials from Every Cell in Your Body Web Sources and Resources Usborne Human Body: Quicklinks 65 Blood Blood is the fluid of life, transporting oxygen from the lungs to body tissue and carbon dioxide from body tissue to the lungs. Because it contains living cells, blood is alive. Red blood cells and white blood cells are responsible for nourishing, cleansing, and protecting the body. Since the cells are alive, they too need nourishment. Vitamins and Minerals keep the blood healthy. The blood cells have a definite life cycle, just as all living organisms do. Approximately 55 percent of blood is plasma, a straw-colored clear liquid. The liquid plasma carries the solid cells and the platelets which help blood clot. Without blood platelets, you would bleed to death. When the human body loses a little bit of blood through a minor wound, the platelets cause the blood to clot so that the bleeding stops. Because new blood is always being made inside of your bones, the body can replace the lost blood. When the human body loses a lot of blood through a major wound, that blood has to be replaced through a blood transfusion from other people. 66 . 67 Heart Dissections Your Heart is a Very Muscular Organ! 68 Artificial Hearts The action of the artificial heart is entirely similar to the action of the natural heart. There is, however, one huge difference: the natural heart is living muscle, while the artificial heart is plastic, aluminum, and Dacron polyester. As a result, the artificial heart needs some external source of "life." An external power system energizes and regulates the pump through a system of compressed air hoses that enter the heart through the chest. Since the system is cumbersome and open to infection, the use of an artificial heart is meant to be temporary. •http://sln.fi.edu/biosci/healthy/fake.html 69 Now It’s On To Your Skeletal System 70 DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents… Your Skeletal System 71 What are your skeleton’s functions? 1. provides shape and support 2. enables you to move 3. protects your internal organs 4. produces blood cells 5. stores certain materials until your body needs them 72 The Structure of Bone Many bones have the same basic structure. A thin, tough membrane covers all of a bone except the ends. Blood vessels and nerves enter and leave the bone through the membrane. Beneath the membrane is a layer of compact bone, which is hard and dense, but not solid. Small canals run through the compact bone, carrying blood vessels and nerves from the bone’s surface to the living cells within the bone. Just inside the compact bone is a layer of spongy bone, which has many small spaces within it. 73 Bone Anatomy 74 Cartilage Cartilage provides a smooth surface between bones or sometimes a more flexible extension of bone, as in the tip of your nose. As an infant, much of your skeleton was cartilage. By the time you stop growing, most of the cartilage will have been replaced with hard bone tissue. 75 Joints A joint is a place in the body where two bones come together. Joints allow bones to move in different ways. Immovable joints connect bones in a way that allows little or no movement. Movable joints allow the body to make a wide range of movements. Movable joints include balland- socket joints, pivot joints, hinge joints, and gliding joints. The bones in movable joints are held together by a strong connective tissue called a ligament. 76 Take Care of Your Bones! A combination of a balanced diet and regular exercise can start you on the way to a lifetime of healthy bones. As people become older, their bones begin to lose some minerals. Mineral loss can lead to osteoporosis, a condition in which the body’s bones become weak and break easily. Regular exercise and a diet rich in calcium can help prevent osteoporosis. 77 Do You Know Your Bones? 78 79 What is osteoporosis? Osteoporosis is a disease in which bones become fragile and more likely to break. If not prevented or if left untreated, osteoporosis can progress painlessly until a bone breaks. 80 It’s on to the Nervous System 81 DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents… Your Nervous System Your nervous system receives information about what is happening both inside and outside your body. It also directs the way in which your body responds to this information. In addition, the nervous system helps maintain homeostasis. A stimulus is any change or signal in the environment that can make an organism react 82 Your Nervous System Your nervous system consists of the central and peripheral systems. The central nervous system (CNS), includes the brain and spinal cord; the peripheral system includes the nerves to the rest of the body. 83 What Is Homeostasis? Homeostasis and Negative Feedback Homeostasis is one of the fundamental characteristics of living things. It refers to the maintenance of the internal environment within tolerable limits. All sorts of factors affect the suitability of our body fluids to sustain life; these include properties like temperature, salinity, acidity, and the concentrations of nutrients and wastes. Because these properties affect the chemical reactions that keep us alive, we have built-in physiological mechanisms to maintain them at desirable levels. When a change occurs in the body, there are two general ways that the body can respond. In negative feedback, the body responds in such a way as to reverse the direction of change. Because this tends to keep things constant, it allows us to maintain homeostasis. On the other hand, positive feedback is also possible. This means that if a change occurs in some variable, the response is to change that variable even more in the same direction. This has a de-stabilizing effect, so it does not result in homeostasis. Positive feedback is used in certain situations where rapid change is desirable (see Positive Feedback for an example). To illustrate the components involved in negative feedback, we can use the example of a driver trying to stay near the speed limit. The desired value of a variable is called the set point. Here, the set point is a speed of 55 mph; in controlling body temperature, the set point would be 98.6 degrees. The control center is what monitors the variable and compares it with the set point. Here, the control center is the driver; for body temperature, it would be the hypothalamus of the brain. If the variable differs from the set point, the control center uses effectors to reverse the change. Here, the effector is the foot on the accelerator pedal; in controlling body temperature, it would include the glands that sweat and the muscles that shiver. ADJUSTING TO STAY WITHIN LIMITS Web Sources and Resources: http://www.colorado.edu/epob/academics/web_resources/cartoons/gas.html 84 What are neurons? The cells that carry information through your nervous system are called neurons, or nerve cells. The message that a neuron carries is called a nerve impulse. A neuron has a large cell body that contains the nucleus. The cell body has threadlike extensions. One kind of extension, a dendrite, carries impulses toward the cell body. An axon carries impulses away from the cell body. Axons and dendrites are sometimes called nerve fibers. A bundle of nerve fibers is called a nerve. 85 The Anatomy of a Neuron 86 A NEURON viewed under a electron microscope. Can you locate the cell body, axon, and dendrites? 87 Your Central Nervous System- The Brain and Spinal Cord 88 Central & Peripheral Nervous Systems Working Together The yellow parts are CNS parts and the purple are parts of your peripheral nervous system. 89 Reflexes: Some nerve signals go only to the spinal cord and back. The knee jerk reflex (seen in the figure to the above) is called a monosynaptic reflex. This means that there is only 1 synapse in the neural circuit needed to complete the reflex. It only takes about 50 milliseconds of time between the tap and the start of the leg kick...that is fast. The tap below the knee causes the thigh muscle to stretch. Information is sent to the spinal cord. After one synapse in the ventral horn of the spinal cord, the information is sent back out to the muscle...and there you have the reflex. 90 Your Brain- The Command Center The human brain is a complex organ that allows us to think, move, feel, see, hear, taste, and smell. It controls our body, receives information, analyzes information, and stores information (our memories). The brain produces electrical signals, which, together with chemical reactions, let the parts of the body communicate. Nerves send these signals throughout the body. The average human brain weighs about 3 pounds. At birth, the human brain weighs less than a pound. As a child grows, the number of cell remains relatively stable, but the cells grow in size and the number of connections increases. The human brain reaches its full size at about 6 years of age. 91 Most nerve signals are interpreted by your brain and motor nerves then carry out your instructions. 92 The Stroop Effect- Your Brain Can Get Confused! TRY IT!- The famous "Stroop Effect" is named after J. Ridley Stroop who discovered this strange phenomenon in the 1930s. Here is your job: name the colors of the following words. Do NOT read the words...rather, say the color of the words. For example, for the word BLUE, you should say "RED". Say the colors as fast as you can. It is not as easy as you might think! 93 Where are the major 3 brain sections? cerebrum cerebellum brain stem 94 Your Brain Has Very Complicated Anatomy All Its Own! 95 Alzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer's disease attacks the brain; it is not a normal part of aging. People with AD have a gradual memory loss and difficulties with language and emotions. The progressive loss of intellectual abilities is termed dementia. As the disease advances, the person may need help in all aspects of life: bathing, eating, and using the restroom. Because of this round-theclock care, families and friends of people with AD are greatly affected. The disease is irreversible and there is currently no cure. 96 Ouch! In the movie MATRIX, Neo and the others are plugged into the matrix through their CNS ! (Central Nervous System) 97 Your Senses Are Your Nervous System’s Bridge to the Outside World What are the five senses? Sight, Taste, Touch, Hearing, Smell Web Sources and Resources: Usborne Science Encyclopedia pgs. 370-375 and Quicklink Images 98 DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents… Your Endocrine System The endocrine system is a collection of special organs in the body that produce hormones. These organs are usually called the "glands." They are located in different parts of the body. For example, the pituitary is in the brain, the thyroid is in the neck, the adrenal glands are just alone the kidneys and the sexual glands (ovaries and testes) are located in the sexual organs. Each gland produces a hormone into the blood, which travels all through the body. Hormones regulate our body activities, for example growth, sleep, sudden actions, feelings and blood sugar for energy. 99 DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents… Your Excretory System Your excretory system collects wastes produced by cells and removes these wastes from your body. The removal process is known as excretion. The two kidneys are the major organs of the excretory system. The kidneys filter your blood and remove urea, excess water, and some other waste materials from your blood. Urea is a chemical that comes from the breakdown of proteins. The filtering process produces a watery fluid called urine. Each kidney contains about a million nephrons. 100 Your Excretory System Web Sources and Resources: Usborne Science Encyclopedia pg. 362 and Quicklink Images 101 Kidney Tubules (Nephrons) Urine Production The kidneys regulate the body fluids, maintaining desirable levels of acids and bases, salts, nutrients and wastes. Each kidney is made up of over a million tiny tubes known as nephrons, or kidney tubules. The tubules act in parallel to filter the blood and produce the urine. As the blood filtrate passes along the tubule, the composition of the fluid is changed in complex ways. In some ways the tubule resembles an industrial processing plant, and the cells lining the walls of the tubule can be thought of as technicians who modify the filtrate as it passes by. The first step in urine production is called filtration. This occurs at the glomerulus, which is really a ball of capillaries that makes close contact with the end of the nephron. Driven by the beating of the heart, blood plasma (the fluid component of blood) is forced out of the capillaries and into the nephron. Because this transfer occurs through narrow spaces (represented by a sieve in the cartoon), the larger molecules (mainly proteins) are left behind in the blood. Blood cells (not shown in the cartoon) are many times larger still, and are also left behind. Finally, the tubule empties its contents into one of the many collecting ducts. The urine now contains a concentrated solution of whatever the body currently considers to be "wastes." Water continues to be reabsorbed in the collecting duct, so that little water is wasted in the process of excretion (elimination of wastes). Finally, all the urine collects together in the kidney and is passed out through the ureter, and from there to the bladder. Web Sources and Resources:http://www.colorado.edu/epob/academics/web_resources/cartoons/gas.html 102 Kidney Stones Kidney stones are created when certain substances in urine -- including calcium and uric acid -- crystallize and the crystals clump together. Usually, they form in the center of the kidney, where urine collects before flowing into the ureter, the tube that leads to the bladder. Small stones are able to pass out of the body in the urine and often go completely unnoticed. But larger stones irritate and stretch the ureter as they move toward the bladder, causing excruciating pain and blocking the flow of urine. Rarely, a stone can be as large as a golf ball, in which case it remains lodged in the kidney, creating a more serious condition 103 DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents… Your Reproductive System 104 The Female Reproductive System The role of the female reproductive system is to produce eggs, and if an egg is fertilized, to nourish a developing baby until birth. 105 The Menstrual Cycle During the menstrual cycle, an egg develops in an ovary. At the same time, the uterus prepares for the arrival of the fertilized egg. Once the egg is released, it can be fertilized for the next few days if sperm are present in the oviduct. If the egg is not fertilized, it begins to break down, and it passes out of the vagina along with some tissue from the lining of the uterus in a process called menstruation. 106 Can you name the parts of the female reproductive system? Check your answers on the following page. 107 Key to the Female Reproductive System 108 The Male Reproductive System Produces sperm- tiny packages of chromosomes that can swim to fertilize the egg, and the hormone testosterone, which controls the development of the male’s physical characteristics. 109 Key to Male Reproductive System 110 Fertilization Takes place when sperm & egg cells merge (nuclei fuse). 111 Human Development The fertilized egg, or zygote, is about the size of a period in a textbook. The zygote develops into an embryo, and then into a developing fetus, which results in.... 112 You! www.ajwrb.org/images/ fetus.jpg 113 114