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VERTEBRATES
When dinosaurs (& others)
roamed the Earth…
VERTEBRATES: Phylum Chordata
GENERAL VERTEBRATE
CHARACTERISTICS:

Vertebrates = an animal with a backbone
 All vertebrates belong to the Phylum
Chordata.
 Vertebrates live nearly everywhere (ocean,
freshwater, land, air)
VERTEBRATES: Phylum Chordata

They have an
endoskeleton,
including a skull,
backbone and
jointed appendages
 Vertebrates have a
closed circulatory
system with a
chambered heart.
VERTEBRATES: Phylum Chordata
Vertebrates have a complex nervous
system
 They can be:
Oviparous = egg birth (Ex. birds)
Viviparous = live birth (Ex. humans)
Ovoviviparous = egg live birth
(Ex. snakes)

VERTEBRATES: Phylum Chordata

The classes of vertebrates:
Class Agnatha
Class Reptilia
Class Chondricthyes
Class Aves
Class Osteichthyes
Class Mammalia
Class Amphibia
VERTEBRATES: Phylum Chordata
Terms to know:
Ectothermic- an animal whose body
temperature is determined by its
environment.
Endothermic- an animal that generates
its own body heat.
CLASS AGNATHA
Hagfish
CLASS AGNATHA
Lampreys &
hagfish
 These are the
jawless fish
 They are slippery,
eel-like animals
with no scales
 They do not have
fins

Lamprey
CLASS AGNATHA
Agnathans have a
2-chambered
heart and are
ectothermic.
 Their skeleton is
comprised of
cartilage.
 Emit slime for
defense

Hagfish slime
CLASS
CHONDRICHTHYES
CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES
Sharks & rays
 This class
includes animals
with jaws and
teeth
 Their skeleton is
made of cartilage
and they have
paired fins.

Shark
CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES
These animals
have a 2chambered heart
and are
ectothermic.
 They live in salt
water (ocean)
 Fertilization is
internal

Manta ray
CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES
Sharks are
covered with
scales and have
sharp spines
 They have a keen
sense of smell
and can sense
vibrations made
in the water miles
away!

Shark
CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES
Shark Anatomy
CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES

Rays have
flattened, kite-like
bodies and
smooth skin.
CLASS OSTEICHTHYES
CLASS OSTEICHTHYES
Largest class of vertebrates (over
29,000 species!!)
 Includes all fish like perch, bass,
salmon, swordfish, etc.
 These are bony fish that have jaws.

Swordfish
CLASS OSTEICHTHYES

Bony fish have a 2chambered heart
 Ectothermic
 They breathe using
gills covered by a
plate called an
operculum
 This plate keeps
unwanted water
from entering the
gills
CLASS OSTEICHTHYES
Fish utilize a swim bladder, which is a
gas-filled organ.
 By adjusting the volume of gas in the
swim bladder, a fish can maintain the
correct amount of buoyancy needed for
a particular depth Swim bladder
of water.

CLASS OSTEICHTHYES
 Bony
fish utilize a lateral line
system for detecting changes in
water pressure and vibrations.
 They have both dorsal and anal fins
that serve to keep the fish from
rolling and help it stay straight in
the water.
CLASS OSTEICHTHYES
 Fish
also have a both pelvic and
pectoral fins, which they use for
balancing and turning.
 Their caudal fin propels them
through the water.
 Reproduction: fertilization takes
place externally.
CLASS OSTEICHTHYES
Caudal Fin
CLASS AMPHIBIA
CLASS AMPHIBIA
Amphibians
include animals
such as frogs,
toads,
salamanders and
newts.
 Their name
means “living 2
ways” so they live
on land and in
water.

Salamander
CLASS AMPHIBIA
They have a bony skeleton.
 Amphibians have a 3-chambered heart
and are ectothermic.
 These animals evolved legs which they
use for walking and swimming.
 Most larval forms have gills, but by
adulthood the gills are replaced by
lungs (think tadpole  frog)

CLASS AMPHIBIA
Frog Life Cycle
CLASS AMPHIBIA

Amphibians have
thin, moist skin with
no scales. This
feature allows them
to breathe through
their skin ( or
perform cutaneous
respiration).
CLASS AMPHIBIA

Amphibian fertilization is external (outside the
body) and eggs require a wet environment.
 Frogs & toads are
tailless, but
salamanders & newts
have tails.
 Most amphibians
are carnivores.
Newt
QUIZ ALERT!
Study for an
upcoming quiz
next class over the
Vertebrate notes
we have covered
thus far!
CLASS REPTILIA
CLASS REPTILIA
This class
includes animals
like snakes,
alligators,
crocodiles, turtles
and dinosaurs.
 Reptiles can
complete their
entire life cycle on
land

CLASS REPTILIA
Dinosaurs are extinct reptiles that are
thought to have been eliminated when a
huge meteor struck the Earth and
blocked out the sun.
 Without sun for heat & food, dinosaurs
began to die off and
eventually became extinct.

CLASS REPTILIA

The reptilian egg
(called an
amniotic egg) is
adapted for land –
it is water- tight
and contains its
own supply of
water.
CLASS REPTILIA

A reptile egg consists of the following:
YOLK SAC- provides nutrients to baby
ALLONTOIS- holds wastes products
AMNION- keeps embryo moist & protects
it from injury
CHORION- outermost layer;
lets oxygen in & keeps
water in
CLASS REPTILIA
Most reptiles
have tough, dry,
leathery skin
covered in scales
(snakes have
scales but tend to
have moist skin)
 Most have a 3chambered heart,
but some have 4

CLASS REPTILIA
 Reptiles
use
internal
fertilization
 Their skeleton
is made entirely
of bone
CLASS REPTILIA
They have lungs
throughout their
life
 Ectothermic
(many often
“sunbathe” to
regulate their
body temperature

CLASS REPTILIA

Turtles (live in
water) and tortoises
(live on land)
 Bony shell is part of
their skeleton
 Toothless, but jaws
have sharp edges
 Are almost deaf, but
sense of smell is
well-developed.
CLASS REPTILIA: Lizards
Lizards are
covered in scales
& shed their skin
periodically
 They have
moveable eyelids
& an ear opening
 Most are
carnivores

CLASS REPTILIA: Snakes
Are covered with
scales, smooth
skin
 Eyes are always
open (no eyelids)
 A transparent
scale protects the
eye
 All are carnivores

CLASS REPTILIA

Snakes swallow their
prey whole by
unhinging their upper
& lower jaws from
each other.
 Their teeth slant
backward to hold their
prey & prevent it from
escaping.
CLASS REPTILIA

Very few species of
snakes are poisonous
(only 30% are).
 Poison works in 2 ways:
Rattlesnakes,
copperheads &
cottonmouths: Venom
affects the circulatory
system causing blood
clots & the destruction
of capillaries
CLASS REPTILIA
Cobras, sea
snakes and coral
snakes: Venom
affects the
nervous system
and causes
paralysis in its’
victims
Coral snake
CLASS REPTILIA:
Crocodilians
Crocodiles have
long, slender
snouts and are
more aggressive
 Their teeth show
when their mouth
is closed

Crocodile skulls
CLASS REPTILIA
 Alligators
have
shorter, round
snouts
CLASS REPTILIA

All crocodilians have
nostrils, ear
openings and eyes
set high atop their
head (for floating in
the water)
 Another feature they
have in common is
that they care for
their young
CLASS REPTILIA
Crocs
vs.
Gators
CLASS AVES
CLASS AVES

Class Aves includes
all bird species
 Birds use feathers
for flight & warmth
 Have hollow bones
(pneumatic) which
gives them a
lightweight skeleton
CLASS AVES
Birds have a
beak, but no teeth
 They also have
an efficient
respiratory
system and a
four-chambered
heart
 Endothermic

Snowy owl
CLASS AVES

Birds are oviparous
(lay eggs) and they
care for their young
after they hatch
 They have a keen
sense of vision and
hearing.
 Use their oil glands
on tail to waterproof
their feathers.
Grey heron
CLASS AVES

Bird feet are
covered with scales
and some have
webbed feet for
swimming (think
ducks)
 Feet do not have
nerves or blood
vessels so they
can’t feel cold water
Mallard
CLASS AVES

Some birds have
lost the ability to fly,
like penguins &
ostriches
 Birds give birth to
an amniotic egg
that must be kept
warm before it
hatches.
CLASS MAMMALIA
CLASS MAMMALIA

Mammals include
all animals that
have hair, which
they may use for
insulation,
camouflage,
defense and
sensory functions
Porcupine
CLASS MAMMALIA

Female mammals
have mammary
glands, which they
use to nurse & care
for their young.
 Mammals have
diverse and
specialized teeth
that vary depending
on the their diet.
Sloth
CLASS MAMMALIA
Mammals are
endothermic
 They have a 4chambered heart
 Use a diaphragm
to assist them
with breathing.

River otter
CLASS MAMMALIA

Mammals have 3 modes of reproduction
depending on what kind of animal they
are:
Monotremes
Marsupials
Placentals
CLASS MAMMALIA
MONOTREMES:
 Lay eggs
(oviparous)
 Example:
platypus
CLASS MAMMALIA
MARSUPIALS:

Koala
This group of
mammals includes
kangaroos, koalas
and opossums.
CLASS MAMMALIA

Gestation period is
very short.
 Newborns are born
blind, helpless and
small.
 Must climb into and
complete development in their
mother’s pouch.
CLASS MAMMALIA
PLACENTALS:
 Placental offspring
stay in the uterus
until development is
complete.
 They receive
nourishment via the
placenta.
CLASS MAMMALIA
 The
gestation of
placentals is
long
 Most mammals
are placental
CLASS MAMMALIA
Levels of Classification

Kingdom
Phylum
• Class
–Order
Family
Genus
Species
CLASS MAMMALIA
Orders of Mammals
Order Rodentia:

Mice, rats, squirrels, porcupines & guinea pigs
Order Chiroptera:

Bats
Order Insectivora:

Shrews, moles and hedgehogs
CLASS MAMMALIA
Orders of Mammals
Order Carnivora:
 Bears, wolves, lions, skunks,
raccoons
Order Primates:
 Monkeys, apes, humans
Order Artiodactyla:
 Pigs, camels, deer, cattle, sheep
CLASS MAMMALIA
Orders of Mammals
Order Cetacea:

Whales and dolphins
Order Lagomorpha:

Rabbits and hares
Order Pinnipedia:

Seals, sea lions, walruses
CLASS MAMMALIA
Orders of Mammals
Order Edentata:

Anteaters, armadillos
Order Macroscelidea:

Elephant shrews
Order Perissodactyla:

Horses and zebras
CLASS MAMMALIA
Orders of Mammals
Order Scandentia:

Tree shrews
Order Pholidota:

Pangolins
Order Hyracoidea:

Hyraxes
CLASS MAMMALIA
Orders of Mammals
Order Sirenia:

Manatees and dugongs
Order Proboscidea:

Elephants
CLASS MAMMALIA
Orders of Mammals
Order Dermoptera:

Flying lemurs
Order Tubulidentata:

Aardvarks