Survey
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PHYLUM CHORDATA SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA A SURVEY OF DIVERSITY BIO 122: Zoology Part 2 Amphibians, Reptiles & Birds CLASS AMPHIBIA Amphibians: include frogs, toads, salamanders & others Tetrapods (4 legs) Have a gelatinous egg covering Have a 3-chambered heart 2 atria, 1 ventricle CLASS AMPHIBIA Amphibian development is well known egg laid in water hatch into larval forms or tadpoles with gills lungs and leg develop, tail stops growing with time adults come out of water CLASS AMPHIBIA CLASS AMPHIBIA Variations in developmental pattern seen: some remain in water w/ gills: mud puppy, & few salamanders (newts) CLASS AMPHIBIA Heart is 3-chambered: atrium is separated into two distinct chambers blood circulation: body right atrium & ventricle lungs left atrium & ventricle oxygen rich blood goes out to body, oxygen-poor blood goes to lungs CLASS AMPHIBIA Variation in respiration mechanisms: gills for aquatic forms lungs on terrestrial forms through skin (diffusion) on all forms CLASS AMPHIBIA Breathing in frogs: have lung and mouth pouch 1. suck air into mouth through nostrils 2. close nostrils and force air into lungs 3. pull air into & out of mouth several times (an alternate mechanism to get oxygen) 4. contracting of body wall to expel air from lungs (this is method to obtain most oxygen) most carbon dioxide lost through diffusion out skin CLASS AMPHIBIA Caecilians - snake-like with no visible appendages most species lack eyes food of small animals most are tropical; are either aquatic or live in burrows CLASS AMPHIBIA Salamanders - have similar front & back legs, a tail are carnivorous: eat worms, small arthropods greatest diversity is in North America CLASS AMPHIBIA Frogs and toads - have longer back legs, no tail tadpoles are herbivorous, adults carnivorous, largest can eat rats! found throughout world frogs & toads are not easily separated - typical: frog in water, toad terrestrial CLASS AMPHIBIA South Carolina state amphibian – spotted salamander CLASS REPTILIA Reptiles: include snakes, lizards, turtles, crocodiles Tetrapods (4 legs) leathery egg covering 3-chambered heart CLASS REPTILIA Characteristics to separate reptiles from amphibians include … CLASS REPTILIA 1. lungs more efficient as only mechanism for breathing reptile suck air into lungs, not force as in amphibians do so by enlarging pleural cavity or expanding rib cage (no diaphragm present) no larval stages with gills CLASS REPTILIA 2. tough, dry, scaly skin offers protection against desiccation & physical injury thin epidermis which is shed regularly well developed dermis with pigmented cells (chromatophores) scales are of keratin (derived from epidermis) CLASS REPTILIA 3. egg shell with food and protective membrane allows for protective development on land CLASS REPTILIA 4. jaw better able to grip and/or crush designed for quick closure - larger & longer amphibian only good to grab CLASS REPTILIA 5. reptiles have a more efficient circulatory system and higher blood pressure left & right atrium completely separated left & right ventricles incompletely separated, but mixing minimal CLASS REPTILIA 6. reptiles have efficient strategies for water conservation presence of metanephric kidney (w/ own drainage - ureter) nitrogenous wastes are uric acid (highly concentrated) salt glands near nose or eyes CLASS REPTILIA 7. nervous system more complex even with small brain, cerebrum is relatively large CLASS REPTILIA Turtles bony case of dorsal carapace + ventral plastron (shell) beak rather than teeth tongue not extensible CLASS REPTILIA Snakes & lizards skin of scales or plates teeth present, jaw with diapsid anatomy (allows to open wide) tongue extensible CLASS REPTILIA Separation of lizards & snakes: snakes generally lack pectoral and pelvic girdles snake vertebrae shorter & wider (undulations) snakes lack a movable eyelid (but have a permanent transparent eyelids) CLASS REPTILIA Dinosaurs are considered large lizards Recent studies suggest birds are descendants of dinosaurs CLASS REPTILIA Crocodiles (and others) skin of scales or plates teeth present, jaw without diapsid anatomy tongue not extensible also: 4-chambered heart CLASS REPTILIA South Carolina state reptile – Loggerhead Sea Turtle CLASS AVES birds 2 legs + 2 wings calcareous egg covering 4-chambered heart CLASS AVES Other important characteristics body covering: body of feathers; legs of scales forelimbs modified to wings (or fins?) beak with no teeth endothermic (body temperature by metabolism) - previous groups exothermic females with only left ovary developing eggs with much yolk and hard calcareous shell CLASS AVES Flight made possible by: wings - flattened structures to catch air movement sternum with keel for attachment of flight muscles bones pneumatized (full of air cavities) presence of air sacs, extensions of lung into abdomen CLASS AVES air sacs - extensions of lung into abdomen up to 75% of air bypasses the lungs as breathing in flows through lungs on way out (more efficient) CLASS AVES Migration common among many species Summer nesting grounds, take advantage of abundant food in summer Winter feeding - migrate to other suitable site Arctic tern with pole to pole migration! CLASS AVES Types of annual migration patterns: permanent resident - here year round summer resident - migrate here to breed during warm months winter resident - summer breeding somewhere else, typically further north summer or winter visitor - present during only part of year, eg. ocean birds spring / fall transient - moving through during migration accidental - strange presence on a very erratic basis CLASS AVES Small species use songs for two reasons 1) warns other males to stay away 2) attracts prospective females Once female attracted male will display additionally to keep female 1) songs 2) plumage displays 3) dances & acrobatic flights CLASS AVES Superorders: flightless birds with vestigial wings & stiff palate (ostrich, emu, kiwi) birds with well developed wings (including penguins) and flexible palate CLASS AVES Orders: over 20 Orders in eastern North America Orders are separated by + bill shape (feeding) + foot shape + size + other characteristics CLASS AVES CLASS AVES South Carolina state bird -