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Animal Circulation
Microorganisms to Multicellular Organisms
Circulation of materials in the body
Size matters: microorganisms use simple diffusion and osmosis
Occasionally amplified by facilitated diffusion or active transport
Or vesicular transport!
Altering
shape may
osmosis
make
diffusion
uptake a
diffusion
shorter,
faster path
active transport
Cyclosis in
the cell helps
vesicular transport
circulate
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imagsmall/amoebafeeding3.jpg
materials
taken up
Sponge Morphology
http://www.cruisecortez.com/img/jpg/sponge.jpg
Basic Sponge Anatomy: Fundamentally two-layered body wall
Ostia surrounded by porocyte permit entry of water and particulates
Flagellated cells feed on particulates and move water out osculum
http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/edu/dees/ees/life/slides/phyla/sponge.gif
Sponge choanocyte: feeding flagellated cell with microvilli collar
microvilli
flagellum
http://www.ulb.ac.be/sciences/biodic/images/anatepon/epo17b.jpg
This is a colony of polyps with tentacles for
feeding
Cnidarians have just the
two tissue layers, so
internal circulation is not
critical, exchanges are
diffusion
The yellow-brown
color is due to
endosymbiotic
dinoflagellates
Polyplacophora: chitons
The most-primitive mollusc has 8
valves (plates) protecting its soft
tissues beneath. The chiton foot
attaches to rocks and the animal
uses its radula to scrape organic
material from the rock surfaces.
http://www.dec.ctu.edu.vn/sardi/mollusc/images/chiton.jpg
http://www.birdsasart.com/red%20Chiton.jpg
After working hard to remove the “suck rock” organism from
the rock, the ventral surface of the chiton shows the obvious
mollusc features.
gills
foot
mouth
(radula inside)
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20102/Bio%20102%20
lectures/animal%20diversity/protostomes/chiton_ventral_surface.jpg
This cartoon shows a longitudinal slice of a chiton with the
three principal parts: foot (locomotion or attachment),
visceral mass (internal organs), and mantle (secretes
valves).
dorsal aorta gonad
heart
valve plates
pericardial cavity
(coelom)
hemocoel
ventricle
auricle
radula
mantle
mouth
anus
foot
digestive stomach
nephridium
nephridiopore
gland
ventral
gonopore
nerve
cord
(not shown)
How does the bivalve know you are swimming by? Eyes!
http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/prot_res/images/other_spec/scallop_eyes.jpg
Evaginated gills provide increased surface area for gas exchange
This cartoon is shows a plane of section perpendiular to the previous one.
The foot can push a
bivalve through
sediments.
The food-trapping
gills are used for
gas exchange.
The heart pumps
the blood into the
hemocoel bathing
the tissues. It goes
through the gills for
gas exchange. The
blood then returns
to the heart. This is
an open circulation
system.
hinge and ligament
shell
heart
nephridium
intestine
mantle
gonad
gills
foot
Nephridia cleanse the blood of nitrogenous waste.
Open Circulatory Systems
Fig 45.19 Page 917
Hemocyanin and hemoglobin are present in this group
Hemocyanin is plesiomorphic and less efficient than hemoglobin
The “blood” of
a grasshopper
contains a
greenish
hemocyanin
rather than the
red hemoglobin
for oxygen
transport.
The “blood”
reenters the
circulation
system via the
ostia for
anterior flow.
Circulation is not for
gas exchange; uses
trachea system.
Body movement
increases rate when
more nutrients are
needed.
Seems inefficient for an active animal!
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
In insects such as this grasshopper, circulation is an open system
Hemolymph Circulation in Dorsal Vessel of Insects
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cq--zXVc8Ww
Lumbriculus variegatus : California mudworm
This is an aquatic oligochaete annelid
Mouth feeds in sediments
Tail extends toward water surface for gas exchange
Body walls nearly transparent for easy observation
For example: may count pulses of blood in dorsal vessel
http://scied.fullerton.edu/VIDA/VIDAImages/U2M5Lumbriculus
/F00005.html
http://www.westminster.net/faculty/cobler/Lumbriculus%20variegatus.jpg
aortic arch
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
Circulation in Lumbricus terrestris (showing just the left arches)
What is NOT shown well in this cartoon? Gas exchange!
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
Evolution of circulation systems among vertebrate classes
Two capillary beds
means slower flow,
but gills are efficient
Incomplete separation of two sides
or BIRD
means mixing blood of different quality.
Homeotherms!
Amphibians have skin exchange and
reptiles have laminar flow.
See Fig 45.22 pg 920
Respiratory/Circulatory Systems
Ventilation system
Fig 45.1 Page 903
gas exchange
muscular pump
glucose control
nitrogenous waste
gas exchange
nutrient exchange
blood cell
replacement
absorbing nutrients
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
Circulation system in mammal (Homo sapiens)
Blood movement within the four-chambered heart of vertebrates
return from body
…to lung
semilunar valve
tricuspid valve
…from lung
semilunar valve
mitral valve
Note: arteries take blood away from the heart…veins return to heart
The difference is NOT about whether the blood is oxygenated or not!
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
…to body
2
Atria contract: ventricles filled,
valves close
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
Heart relaxes: atria filled by
1 system pressure
3
LUB
DUB!!
Ventricles contract: blood
sent to lungs and body
4
Heart relaxes: system
pressure closes valves
atrial contraction
“LUB”
and Purkinje fibers
ventricular
contraction
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
initial instrinsic
stimulus from
“pacemaker”
“DUB”
Frog Lab Exercise: neural and intrinsic control
The sounds are the slamming of valves…contraction is silent!
ventricular
depolarization
ventricular
release
atrial
depolarization
ventricle
relaxation
ventricle
filling
In abnormal heart behavior, this recording may reveal
where trouble spots exist within the heart’s electrical
controls.
Blood Pressure (mm Hg)
Electrical Potential (mV)
An electrocardiogram (EKG): the electrical changes
recorded from electrodes attached to the skin reveal the
electrical activity of the heart.
See Fig 45.25 pg 922
Comparative structure of blood vessels
High Pressure
Exchange
Low Pressure
Which of these has the greatest surface
to volume ratio?
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
See Fig 45.20 pg 918
smooth muscle
no valves
vein
less smooth muscle
valves significant
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
artery
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
Veins in valves: “check valves” prevent back flow during
heart cycles:
Pressure Pulse
Pressure Subsides
Valves prevent backflow
abnormal valve
during atrial contraction
“varicose veins”
blood flow
no flow
thrombus
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
Blood clotting (thrombosis) in a veinule
A thrombus that breaks free and moves through the rest of
the circulation system is called a thromboembolus and can
lodge in other areas of the body resulting in pulmonary (lung)
embolism, stroke (brain), or myocardial (heart) infarction.
Atheroschloersis: “hardening of the arteries”
Normal artiole
Arteriole
occluded with
fatty plaque
plaque
Blood flow will be restricted,
oxygenation will be
reduced.
Even a small group of cells
could completely cut off the
flow (myocardial infarction).
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
Blood pressure varies with distance from heart
aorta
BP is usually
arteries
measured in
systolic
pressure the radial artery
arterioles
100
40
20
veinules
60
diastolic
pressure
When a
sphygmomanometer
gives a result of
120/80 mm Hg, it is
interpreted as close
to normal for men.
capillaries
Blood pressure (mm Hg)
120
80
See Fig 45.27 pg 923
veins
vena cava
0
Distance traveled by blood from left ventricle
Vena cava
Veins
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Arteries
50-
-5,000
40-
-4,000
30-
-3,000
20-
-2,000
10-
-1,000
Cross-sectional Area (cm2)
Velocity (cm/sec)
Aorta
Flow rate in blood vessels in a circulation system
Distance travelled by blood from left ventricle
Branching explains why you don’t get the “thumb on the hose nozzle” effect
Human capillaries are only wide
enough for one RBC to pass
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
Frog foot webbing capillaries
come close to each body cell
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
Capillary walls are a single endothelial cell joined at edges
pinocytosis (vesicular transport) brings
materials through capillary wall
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes) and White Blood Cells
Figure 44.11 page 985
Figure 44.15 page 989
Oxygen is bound to hemoglobin at the chelation site of iron (Fe)
in heme:
H3C
C
HC
H3C
C
H2C
C
COOH
C
CH
C
C
N
C
N
CH2
CH2
HC
O=O
Fe
C
C
N
C
C
C
C
CH2 CH3
CH2
CH3
C
CH
N
C
HC
C
CH
CH2
notice the
resonating
bond
system to
help trap
the oxygen
molecule
in large
electron
cloud
COOH
Iron is a macroelement for vertebrates!
Gas exchanges at the blood-tissue interface
CO2
tissue cell cytosol
CO2
CO2 + H2O
O2
HCO3- + H+
capillary plasma
red blood cell
CO2 + H2O
HCO3- + H+
H+ + HbO2
CO2 + HbO2
HbCO2 + O2
HHb + O2
circulation direction
CO2
CO2
HbO2
CO2
HbO2
H2O
HbO2
H2O
H2O
HbO2
lungs HCO - H+
3
O2
HHb
HCO3O2
O2
CO2
HHb
HCO3-
HbO2
H+ HCO
3
-
tissues
HHb
HCO3O2
O2
Percent saturation of Hb with O2
Dissociation curves for hemoglobin explain oxygen exchange
100
Unloading to
tissues at
normal pH
circulation
80
60
Normal
blood
pH
40
20
Exercise Rest
0
0
Lungs
20
40
60
80 100 120
Oxygen partial pressure (mm Hg)
Percent saturation of Hb with O2
Dissociation curves for hemoglobin explain oxygen exchange
100
Unloading to
tissues at
normal pH
circulation
80
60
Normal
blood
pH
40
Oxygen unloaded at
low pH (high CO2)
Low
blood pH
20
Exercise Rest
0
0
Lungs
20
40
60
80 100 120
Oxygen partial pressure (mm Hg)
Percent saturation of Hb with O2
A placental mammal fetus has fetal hemoglobin with higher
affinity for oxygen than the mother’s hemoglobin in the
placenta
100 Unloading to
fetal tissues
80
transfer of oxygen
from maternal to
fetal hemoglobin in
the placenta
60
40
20
0
Fetus
Mother
0
20
40
60
80 100
Oxygen partial pressure (mm Hg)
Myoglobin in tissues has higher oxygen affinity than hemoglobin
Human and Maternal/Fetal circulation
capillary bed
artery
or
vein?
artery or
vein?
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
artery
or vein?
shunts
away from
lungs
artery
or
vein?
arterioles
veinules
artery
capillary bed
Note: What kind of circulation is shown in placenta?
The mammal body tissues possess myoglobin, which has an
even higher affinity for oxygen:
Percent saturation of Hb with O2
See Fig 45.17 pg. 915
Unloading to fetal
tissue myoglobin
100
80
transfer of oxygen
from maternal to
fetal hemoglobin in
the placenta
60
Fetus
40
20
0
Mother
0
20
40
60
80
100
Oxygen partial pressure (mm Hg)
Myoglobin in tissues has higher oxygen affinity than hemoglobin
gas exchange
muscular pump
glucose control
nitrogenous waste
gas exchange
nutrient exchange
blood cell
replacement
absorbing nutrients
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
Circulation system in mammal (Homo sapiens)