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PULMONARY SYSTEM PULMONARY VENTILATION AMBIENT AIR MOVES INTO AND EXCHANGES WITH THE AIR IN THE LUNGS PHASES OF RESPIRATION: BREATHING-INSPIRATION AND EXPIRATION ATHLETES LEAN FORWARD TO FACILIATE BREATHING: A) FACILITATE BLOOD FLOW TO HEART B) MINIMIZE ANTAGONISIC EFFECTS OF GRAVITY ON INSPIRATORY MUSCLES. EXTERNAL RESPIRATION CIRCULATION INTERNAL RESPIRATION RESPIRATORY SURFACE WARM MOIST IN IN CONTACT WITH O2 CONTACT WITH CIRCULATORY SYSTEM ZONES CONDUCTING ZONE: NOSE, MOUTH, TRACHEA, BRONCHIAL TUBES. RESPIRATORY ZONE-”TRANSITIONAL ZONE” BRONCHIOLES, ALVEOLI, PULMONARY VEINS/ARTERIES, AND CAPILLARIES. LARGEST PORTION OF TOTAL LUNG VOLUME STATIC LUNG VOLUME ALVEOLAR VENTILATION AMOUNT OF AIR THAT REACHES THE RESPIRATORY ZONE VITAL CAPACITY MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF AIR THAT CAN BE EXHALED. TIDAL VOLUME (TV) AMOUNT OF AIR INHALED AND EXHALED IN A NORMAL BREATH. UP TO 1 LITER OF AIR PER BREATH INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME AMOUNT OF AIR THAT CAN BE INHALED AFTER A NORMAL INHALATION UP TO 2.5 TO 3 LITERS EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME AMOUNT OF AIR THAT CAN BE FORCEFULLY EXHALED AFTER A NORMAL EXHALATION UP TO 1-1.5 LITERS TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY VOLUME IN LUNGS AFTER MAXIMUM INSPIRATION FORCED VITAL CAPACITY MAXIMUM VOLUME EXPIRED AFTER MAXIMUM INSPIRATION. 4-5 LITERS IN MEN 3-4 LITERS IN WOMEN INSPIRATORY CAPACITY MAXIMUM VOLUME INSPIRED FOLLOWING TIDAL EXPIRATION. RESIDUAL LUNG VOLUME AMOUNT OF AIR REMAINING IN THE LUNGS AFTER A FORCEFUL EXHALATION BETWEEN 1-1.5 LITERS PARTS OF PULMONARY SYSTEM LUNGS: 1- VOLUME IS 4-6 LITERS 2-WEIGHT- 1KG 3-SURFACE AREA CAN COVER HALF OF A TENNIS COURT 4-ONE SECOND OF MAX EXERCISEAPPROX ONE PINT OF BLOOD FLOWS THROUGH LUNG TISSUE/BLOOD VESSELS ALVEOLI 1- APPROX 300 MILLION 2- GAS EXCHANGE 3- LARGEST BLOOD SUPPLY OF ANY ORGAN IN THE BODY DYNAMIC LUNG VOLUME TWO FACTORS OF DYNAMIC PULMONARY VENTILATION: 1- VOLUME OF AIR BEING MOVED”STROKR VOLUME OF LUNGS” 2- SPEED OF AIR MOVEMENTBREATHING RATE MINUTE VENTILATION REST: BREATHS PER MINUTE: 12 TIDAL VOLUME: 0.5 LITERS PER BREATH VE= BREATHING RATE x TIDAL VOLUME = 6.0 LITERS/MINUTE EXERCISE: 35-45 BREATHS PER MINUTE ELITE-60-70 BREATHS PER MINUTE TIDAL VOLUME INCREASES TO 2 LITERS MINUTE VENTILATON CAN INCREASE UP TO 17 TIMES NORMAL DISRUPTIONS IN BREATHING PATTERNS DYSPNEA-SHORTNESS OF BREATH INCREASE IN ARTERIAL CO2 MUSCLE FATIGUE HYPERVENTILATION: INCREASE IN VENTILATION THAT EXCEEDS THE OXYGEN NEEDS OF METABOLISM. OVERBREATHING EXCESSIVE CARBON DIOXIDE UNLOADING VALSALVA MANEUVER: FORCED EXHALATION AGAINST A CLOSED GLOTTIS RESISTANCE EXERCISES BLOOD PRESSURE RISES INFERIOR VENA CAVA BECOMES COMPRESSED-REDUCED VENOUS RETURN TO HEART COLD WEATHER EXERCISE COLD AIR NORMALLY DOES NOT POSE A RISK FOR DAMAGING TH RESPIRATORY PASSAGES. 3 VARIABLES THAT EFFECT OXYGEN DELIVERY AND UPTAKE 1- oxygen concentration of the blood 2- amount of blood flow to working muscles 3- metabolic conditions THE BODY MUST ADJUST TO THESR THREE VARIABLES TO ENSURE INCREASE OF OXYGEN DELIVERY TO WORKING MUSCLES. GAS EXCHANGE PARTIAL PRESSURE= Percent concentration x total pressure of gas mixture Pressure= force exerted by the gas molecules against the surfaces they encounter. Concentration= amount of gas in a given volume. AMBIENT AIR AMBIENT AIR: 21% OXYGEN 79% NITROGEN .03% CARBON DIOXIDE PARTIAL PRESSURE Measured in mmHg- due to fact that the pressure of the air’s gas molecules rise the column of Hg to 760mm. PO2= 152 mm Hg 209.3mL/L PN2= 600 mm Hg 790.3mL/L PCO2= 0.2 mm Hg 0.4mL/L TRACHEAL AIR PO2= Has 149 mm Hg no effect on carbon dioxide or nitrogen. ALVEOLAR AIR Oxygen= 14 % Nitrogen= Carbon Water 80% dioxide= 5.5 % vapor PARTIAL PRESSURE PO2= 103 mm Hg 145mL/L PN2= 571 mm Hg 800mL/L PCO2= Water 39 mm Hg 55mL/L vapor= 47 mm Hg GAS EXCHANGE IN THE LUNGS 3 REASONS FOR DILUTION OF OXYGEN IN INSPIRED AIR: A) water vapor saturates dry inspired air. B) oxygen continuously leaves alveolar air. C) carbon dioxide continuously enters alveolar air. OXYGEN TRANSPORT IN THE BLOOD 1- physical solution-plasma 2- combined with hemoglobin CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE BLOOD 1- physical solution-plasma 2- loose combination with hemoglobin- carbaminohemoglobin HbNHCOOH 3- combines with water to form bicarbonate ions. HCO3 PULMONARY VENTILATION INCREASES LINEARLY WITH OXYGEN UPTAKE DURING LIGHT AND MODERATE EXERCISE. MAXIMUM OXYGEN CONSUMPTION Maximum amount of oxygen that can be used to produce ATP during exercise. = HR X SV X (a-vo2 difference) WAYS TO TEST Continuous Discontinuous Varies from person to person. FACTORS THAT AFFECT MAXIMUM VO2 EXERCISE MODE HEREDITY TRAINING STATE GENDER BODY AGE COMPOSITION
